It has been sug-gcsted that tlio codliiio- moth mig-ht ])c controlled by 

 bacterial and fungous diseases. From the facts that the insect leads 

 such a })rotected life and that fungi and bacteria have given so 

 few positive results in this connection it is almost useless, Avith our 

 present knowledg-e, to even theorize upon tlie value of these agencies. 



In general it may be stated that entomologists have at all times 

 tried experiments with these different plans and are unanimous in 

 their conclusions. If anything new and efficient is ever perfected by 

 which this insect may be more easily controlled, no doubt entomolo- 

 gists will be its first advocates. 



MEASURES OF VALUE. 



By taking into consideration all the habits and variations of habits 

 of the codling moth in its different stages we find that, like other 

 insects, there are certain stages in its life history in which it is more 

 amenal)le to remedial measures than at others. We find that it can be 

 best attacked in the larval stage, although some experiments indicate 

 that something can be done when it is in the cg^ stage. Cook found 

 that by spraying an apple tree weekly from May 15 until the end of 

 June with a strong soap solution he succeeded in preventing the infesta- 

 tion of a single apple ])y the larva?. In laboratory experiments with 

 kerosene emulsion Card secured good results against the eggs. ( Jillette 

 also obtained good results with kerosene emulsion. The results of 

 these experiments have never l)een put to practical use for many rea- 

 sons. The kerosene emulsion would probably be so strong, in order 

 to have any effect on the Qgg^ that it might injure the tree. The 

 kerosene would evaporate quickly, and thus its effect would be for 

 but a short time. The expensiveness of kerosene in the West, and 

 the number of times the spraying would have to be made to be 

 efficient, Avould prohibit the adoption of this method. The insect can 

 be more easily attacked, at less expense and with greater effectiveness, 

 in the larval stage. 



MEASURES USED AGAINST THE UARVA. 



The remedial measures used against the larva vary according to 

 whether they are used after it has been hatched and before or while it 

 is entering the apple or after it has completed its growth and left the 

 fruit. The greater effectiveness is secured by the use of arsenical 

 sprays ])eforc the larva has entered the fruit. The effectiveness of 

 these arsenical sprays against the codling moth was discovered by 

 accident in 1872. Le Baron recommended the spraying of trees with 

 Paris green to check the I'avages of the cankerworm, which recom- 

 mendation was adopted in many orchards with great success. Profes- 

 sor Slingerland states that the credit of this discovery belongs to Mr. 

 E. P. Haynes and Mr. J. S. Woodward, who found that spraying with 



