87 



Calj^ces were analyzed and the poison found in them, showing- that 

 the closing of the lobes incloses some poison at least two weeks after 

 the spra34ng has been done. The writer is unable to find any pub- 

 lished record of any larvae having been found in a calyx, which were 

 killed or supposed to have been killed by the poison. The evidence 

 which goes to show that they are killed is all indirect. In Idaho in 

 1902 the writer gave special attention to this most difficult point. By 

 examining the apples immediately after the blossom had fallen it was 

 found that the calyx proper consisted of two parts; first, the calyx 

 tube, which we may say is on the interior of the apple, and then the 

 lobes or bases of the lobes which support the stamens. The stamens 

 stand close together and form a sort of roof over the calyx tube. 

 The writer has many times cut open this calyx tube after spraying- 

 has been done, and was unable at any time to distinguish any particles 

 of spray inside the tul)e. The writer is also unal)le to give any 

 definite figures as to what percentage of the larvsB enter the apple by 

 way of the calyx tube, but it is possible that it is large. The difi^er- 

 ence in percentages of larvie which have entered the calvx on spra3'ed 

 or unsprayed trees should indicate the efficiency of the spray. Table 

 III gives S2 per cent as entering the calyx on sprayed trees and SO per 

 cent on unspra3'ed trees. There was lack of data in regard to the 

 sprayed trees, which was not discovered until it was too late to obtain 

 a new series. Cordley finds that the larvte do not enter the fruit 

 until two months after the petals have fallen, and on that account 

 does not recommend the spraying immediatelv after the blossoms 

 have fallen. 



How the larva3 of the second generation are killed is a question still 

 in a somewhat chaotic state. It is generall}" believed that the larvte 

 get the poison when they enter the fruit, but the observations of manj^ 

 investigators, including the writer, show that when the larvtv are 

 entering they eat little or none of the fruit. In both spntyed and 

 unspraved orchards it is ([uite conunon to find places where the}^ have 

 entered the fruit and have died shortly after entering. Countings on 

 426 new entrance holes in sprayed trees showed that there was an 

 average of 1:0 per cent of the holes in which the larviti had died, and 

 in two counts this percentage went as high as 70. Other countings 

 on unspra3'ed trees gave, out of 6()6 new entrances, 11 per cent in 

 which the larvte had died. As there is no wa3" of knowing accuratel3" 

 how many of these holes were caused hj larva? which entered the 

 fruits where two apples touched, these data can not be relied upon, 

 but the writer believes that during the period in which the entrance 

 holes were made at least 10 or 1.5 per cent of the larvio succumbed to 

 the spra3\ Twice larva? were found dead before the3^ had entered the 

 fruit. Man3^ times early in the season holes were found, the making 



