50 



destro^^ed as soon as possible after hatching by means of the bran- 

 arsenic mash. 



Tturkeys.- — Prof. Lawrence Bruner, of Nebraska, states that tur- 

 keys are useful in freeing orchards and vineyards of grasshoppers 

 and they may be emploj^ed in other fields for the same purpose. In 

 one case a flock of 766 turkeys was kept at work in the destruction of 

 grasshoppers. The turke3"s have to be watched, however, as they 

 sometimes var}' their diet with vegetables. 



Coopeimtion is of the greatest value in the treatment of grass- 

 hoppers, particularly in regions where they reach their greatest 

 development; and the thoroughness with which work is done in one 

 year will show in the greatly reduced numbers with which the farmers 

 will have to deal the next season. 



Many of the remedies that have been advised as remedies for grass- 

 hoppers in general are applicable to the migratory forms, but these 

 frequently occur in such immense swarms that it is practically impossi- 

 ble to check them until the crops are destroyed. It is of the highest 

 importance, therefore, that remedies be employed at the very first 

 onset, and that these measures be generally observed over considerable 

 territory, as the insects fly rapidly from one field to another. 



LEAF-MINERS. 



Three forms of maggots, the 3'oung of small two-winged flies, more 

 or less resembling the common house fly, mine the leaves of beets and 

 spinach, causing variable blotches on the outer cuticle, which is left 

 entire until ruptured by the escape of the maggot when it matures and 

 deserts its old home for transformation in the earth below. The 

 abandoned mines dry, shrivel, and become torn by subsequent growth 

 of the plant. 



THE BEET OR SPINACH LEAF-MINER. 



{Pegomya rlcina Lintn. )." 



The beet or spinach leaf -miner is the best known of these insects, 

 and at the present time the onl}" one that need be considered. It is 

 practically confined to beets, spinach, and like plants, such as lambs- 

 quarters, and is to be reckoned among j^rominent beet pests, as it is 

 apparenth' increasing in destructiveness. 



The parent fly is shown at figure 60, a, h representing the head of 

 the male, and c that of the female. The ground color is gray with the 

 front of the head silver white. The body, including the legs, is rather 



«Lmtner, 1st Annual Kept. Insects N. Y. for 1881 (1882), pp. 203-211; Howard, 

 Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. G79-381; Sirrine, 14th Kept. N. Y. Agricultural Experiment 

 Station for 1895 (1896), pp. 625-633; Pettit, Bui. 175, Mich. State Agr. College Exp. 

 ta., 1899, pp. 356-357. 



