﻿Diptera, 
  Hemiptera 
  and 
  Insects 
  related 
  to 
  Neuroptera. 
  99 
  

  

  insects 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Neuroptera, 
  with 
  the 
  consideration 
  

   of 
  such 
  a 
  highly 
  aberrant 
  and 
  anomalous 
  group 
  as 
  the 
  

   Sbrepsiptera 
  are, 
  especially 
  since 
  their 
  closest 
  affinities 
  are 
  

   still 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  considerable 
  speculation. 
  I 
  feel, 
  however, 
  

   that 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  occupy 
  a 
  position 
  intermediate 
  

   between 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  Plecopteroid 
  superorder, 
  on 
  

   the 
  one 
  hand 
  (^. 
  e. 
  the 
  Coleoptera, 
  Dermaptera, 
  etc.), 
  and 
  

   the 
  insects 
  grouped 
  about 
  the 
  Neuroptera 
  on 
  the 
  other. 
  

   In 
  order 
  to 
  bring 
  out 
  this 
  fact, 
  it 
  was 
  necessary 
  to 
  represent 
  

   the 
  Strepsipteron 
  hne 
  of 
  development 
  in 
  Fig. 
  2, 
  as 
  though 
  

   branching 
  off 
  near 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Psocid-Neuropteron 
  stem, 
  

   although 
  in 
  reahty 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  are 
  a 
  strongly 
  aberrant 
  

   group 
  structurally 
  much 
  higher 
  than 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  and 
  

   Neuroptera. 
  The 
  line 
  of 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  

   should 
  be 
  thought 
  of 
  as 
  though 
  extending 
  in 
  a 
  plane 
  per- 
  

   pendicular 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  lines 
  of 
  descent 
  of 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  

   and 
  Neuroptera, 
  since 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  appear 
  to 
  occupy 
  a 
  

   position 
  intermediate 
  between 
  the 
  Coleoptera, 
  on 
  the 
  one 
  

   hand, 
  and 
  the 
  insects 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Neuroptera 
  and 
  

   Psocidae 
  on 
  the 
  other. 
  Pierce, 
  1909 
  (Smithsonian 
  Bull. 
  

   66), 
  is 
  inclined 
  to 
  regard 
  them 
  as 
  more 
  nearly 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  

   Dipteron 
  group 
  of 
  the 
  insects 
  allied 
  to 
  the 
  Neuroptera, 
  

   and 
  Latreille, 
  1809 
  (Genera 
  Crust, 
  et 
  Insect., 
  vol. 
  4), 
  at 
  

   first 
  placed 
  them 
  with 
  the 
  Diptera 
  also. 
  Haeckel, 
  1896, 
  

   would 
  group 
  them 
  with 
  the 
  Neuropterous 
  insects. 
  Kossi, 
  

   1793 
  (Bull. 
  Soc. 
  Philom., 
  vol. 
  1), 
  thought 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  

   related 
  to 
  Ichneumon 
  among 
  the 
  Hymenoptera, 
  while 
  

   Gegenbauer, 
  1859 
  (Grundz. 
  vergl. 
  Anat., 
  first 
  edition), 
  

   considers 
  that 
  their 
  closest 
  affinities 
  are 
  with 
  the 
  Tricho- 
  

   ptera 
  (as 
  does 
  Gerstaecker), 
  and 
  Shuckard, 
  1840, 
  places 
  

   them 
  between 
  the 
  Forficuhdae 
  and 
  Phryganidae. 
  Most 
  

   investigators, 
  however, 
  agree 
  in 
  placing 
  them 
  among 
  or 
  

   next 
  to 
  the 
  Coleoptera. 
  In 
  previous 
  papers 
  I 
  have 
  called 
  

   attention 
  to 
  certain 
  resemblances 
  between 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  

   and 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  with 
  the 
  Hemipteroid 
  insects, 
  and 
  I 
  still 
  

   believe 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  many 
  points 
  of 
  resemblance 
  between 
  

   the 
  Strepsiptera 
  and 
  the 
  insects 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  

   and 
  Hemiptera 
  {sensu 
  lato), 
  so 
  that, 
  provisionally 
  at 
  least, 
  

   we 
  may 
  regard 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  as 
  occupying 
  a 
  position 
  

   intermediate 
  between 
  the 
  Coleoptera, 
  etc., 
  on 
  the 
  one 
  

   hand, 
  and 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  and 
  Hemiptera 
  on 
  the 
  other, 
  

   although 
  the 
  Strepsiptera 
  likewise 
  exhibit 
  some 
  marked 
  

   affinities 
  with 
  the 
  Neuropteroid 
  insects 
  as 
  well. 
  

  

  The 
  Thysanoptera 
  are 
  another 
  strongly 
  aberrant 
  order 
  

  

  