﻿Diptera, 
  Hemiptera 
  and 
  Insects 
  related 
  to 
  Neuroptera. 
  101 
  

  

  with 
  the 
  intermediate 
  Hnks 
  connecting 
  the 
  higher 
  insects, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  Hemiptera, 
  Diptera, 
  etc., 
  with 
  the 
  lower 
  forms, 
  

   and 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  such 
  primitive 
  Psocidae 
  as 
  Archipsocus, 
  

   for 
  example, 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  utmost 
  importance 
  in 
  attempting 
  to 
  

   determine 
  the 
  ancestry 
  of 
  the 
  higher 
  insects 
  here 
  discussed. 
  

   Brauer, 
  as 
  was 
  stated 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  paragraph, 
  groups 
  

   the 
  Mallophaga, 
  Psocidae 
  and 
  Isoptera 
  together 
  as 
  Corro- 
  

   dentia, 
  and 
  Enderlein, 
  1903 
  (Zool. 
  Anzeiger, 
  26, 
  p. 
  423; 
  

   see 
  also 
  Palaeontographia, 
  1911, 
  Bd. 
  58, 
  p. 
  279), 
  apparently 
  

   influenced 
  by 
  Brauer, 
  groups 
  the 
  Psocidae, 
  Mallophaga, 
  

   Isoptera 
  and 
  Embiidae 
  in 
  the 
  single 
  order 
  Corrodentia, 
  

   to 
  which 
  Escherich, 
  1914 
  (Handw. 
  buch 
  d. 
  Naturw.), 
  would 
  

   add 
  the 
  Pedicuhdae 
  also. 
  All 
  of 
  the 
  foregoing 
  investi- 
  

   gators 
  agree 
  in 
  regarding 
  the 
  Isoptera 
  as 
  quite 
  hke 
  the 
  

   ancestors 
  of 
  the 
  Psocidae; 
  and 
  Handlirsch, 
  1909 
  (^c), 
  

   would 
  derive 
  the 
  Psocidae, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  Isoptera, 
  from 
  

   Blattoid 
  ancestors 
  (as 
  does 
  Mjoberg), 
  thus 
  agreeing 
  with 
  

   them 
  in 
  substance. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  Kolbe, 
  1901 
  

   (Arch. 
  f. 
  Naturg. 
  Ixvii, 
  Beigeft, 
  p. 
  89), 
  was 
  apparently 
  

   impressed 
  with 
  the 
  marked 
  affinities 
  between 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  

   and 
  the 
  Dermaptera 
  (ForficuUds) 
  with 
  the 
  Coleoptera, 
  

   although 
  he 
  is 
  mistaken 
  in 
  beheving 
  that 
  the 
  Dermaptera 
  

   and 
  Coleoptera 
  could 
  be 
  derived 
  from 
  ancestors 
  like 
  the 
  

   Psocidae, 
  since 
  the 
  Dermaptera 
  are 
  much 
  more 
  primitive 
  

   than 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  are. 
  

  

  In 
  a 
  measure, 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  views 
  cited 
  above 
  are 
  correct, 
  

   since 
  the 
  Psocidae 
  were 
  doubtless 
  descended 
  from 
  an- 
  

   cestors 
  resembUng 
  the 
  Plecopteroid 
  superorder 
  and 
  would 
  

   therefore 
  naturally 
  have 
  certain 
  features 
  in 
  common 
  with 
  

   the 
  Plecopterous, 
  Embiid, 
  Forficuhd, 
  and 
  Coleopterous 
  

   representatives 
  of 
  this 
  superorder. 
  Similarly, 
  since 
  the 
  

   Isoptera 
  were 
  also 
  very 
  probably 
  descended 
  from 
  ancestors 
  

   resembhng 
  the 
  same 
  Plecopterous 
  superorder, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  

   surprising 
  that 
  both 
  Psocidae 
  and 
  Isoptera 
  should 
  have 
  

   certain 
  points 
  in 
  common 
  with 
  each 
  other 
  and 
  with 
  certain 
  

   members 
  of 
  the 
  ancestral 
  Plecopteroid 
  superorder, 
  having 
  

   taken 
  over 
  in 
  their 
  Hues 
  of 
  descent 
  certain 
  similar 
  features 
  

   from 
  their 
  common 
  heritage. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  when 
  

   we 
  take 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  anatomical 
  details 
  into 
  consideration, 
  

   the 
  closest 
  affinities 
  of 
  the 
  Isoptera 
  are 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  with 
  

   the 
  Blattoid 
  superorder 
  (Blattidae, 
  Mantidae, 
  Isoptera 
  and 
  

   Zoraptera), 
  and 
  the 
  closest 
  affinities 
  of 
  the 
  Embiidae 
  are 
  

   with 
  the 
  Plecopteroid 
  superorder 
  (Plecoptera, 
  Embiidae, 
  

   ForficuUdae, 
  and 
  Coleoptera), 
  while 
  the 
  closest 
  affinities 
  

  

  