﻿436 
  Dr. 
  T. 
  A. 
  Chapman 
  07i 
  

  

  moves 
  the 
  abdominal 
  segments, 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  possibly 
  to 
  

   assist 
  the 
  abdominal 
  contents 
  to 
  accommodate 
  themselves 
  

   to 
  the 
  expansion 
  that 
  is 
  taking 
  place. 
  In 
  others 
  the 
  pupa 
  

   is 
  throughout 
  quiescent. 
  

  

  Emergence 
  begins 
  by 
  the 
  rupture 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  case, 
  and 
  

   the 
  gradual 
  emergence 
  of 
  the 
  moth 
  seems 
  to 
  involve 
  

   strenuous 
  exertion, 
  and 
  the 
  abdomen 
  is 
  obviously 
  making 
  

   the 
  same 
  vermicular 
  movements 
  that 
  a 
  larva 
  does 
  when 
  

   walking. 
  When 
  the 
  moth 
  has 
  emerged 
  a 
  certain 
  distance, 
  

   about 
  8 
  mm. 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  Triphaena 
  fimbria 
  and 
  about 
  

   5 
  mm. 
  with 
  Agrotis 
  comes, 
  it 
  becomes 
  suddenly 
  absolutely 
  

   still, 
  in 
  what 
  I 
  may 
  call 
  the 
  triangular 
  or 
  akimbo 
  attitude, 
  

   because 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  pairs 
  of 
  legs 
  have 
  so 
  far 
  left 
  the 
  pupa 
  

   case 
  that 
  the 
  femur 
  and 
  tibia 
  with 
  the 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  

   make 
  a 
  triangle, 
  the 
  ti 
  bio-femoral 
  articulation 
  being 
  held 
  

   away 
  from 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  ; 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  four 
  legs 
  

   therefore 
  forms 
  a 
  triangle, 
  with 
  a 
  somewhat 
  grotesque 
  

   effect. 
  Almost 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  a 
  globule 
  of 
  fluid 
  begins 
  

   to 
  appear 
  at 
  the 
  mouth 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  labial 
  palpi, 
  

   which 
  are 
  completely 
  deflexed. 
  As 
  the 
  proper 
  use 
  of 
  this 
  

   fluid 
  is 
  impossible 
  under 
  the 
  conditions 
  of 
  the 
  observation, 
  

   it 
  gradually 
  accumulates 
  till 
  a 
  considerable 
  drop 
  is 
  formed, 
  

   the 
  pupa 
  lying 
  on 
  its 
  back, 
  so 
  that 
  in 
  almost 
  every 
  case 
  the 
  

   drop 
  could 
  no 
  longer 
  maintain 
  its 
  position 
  and 
  rolled 
  off, 
  

   and 
  a 
  second 
  one 
  begins 
  to 
  form; 
  in 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  cases 
  a 
  

   third 
  and 
  even 
  a 
  fourth 
  drop 
  appeared. 
  It 
  seemed 
  that 
  

   the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  moth 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  wetted 
  by 
  the 
  fluid, 
  

   which 
  consequently 
  appeared 
  as 
  a 
  spherical 
  drop, 
  a 
  sphere 
  

   broken 
  only, 
  of 
  course, 
  at 
  the 
  point 
  at 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  being 
  

   added 
  to 
  by 
  the 
  mouth. 
  Such 
  a 
  drop, 
  of 
  course, 
  easily 
  fell 
  

   off, 
  later 
  or 
  earlier, 
  according 
  to 
  whether 
  the 
  pupa 
  was 
  

   exactly 
  on 
  its 
  back 
  or 
  leant 
  a 
  little 
  to 
  one 
  side. 
  

  

  The 
  emergence 
  to 
  the 
  angular 
  position 
  occupies 
  a 
  little 
  

   over 
  a 
  minute. 
  The 
  angular 
  position 
  is 
  maintained 
  usually 
  

   for 
  something 
  over 
  a 
  minute 
  ; 
  in 
  a 
  specimen 
  of 
  T. 
  fimbria 
  

   it 
  was 
  seventy 
  seconds, 
  in 
  one 
  of 
  A. 
  comes 
  it 
  extended 
  to 
  

   six 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  minutes 
  — 
  these 
  are 
  about 
  the 
  extreme 
  values. 
  

   During 
  this 
  period, 
  in 
  normal 
  circumstances, 
  no 
  doubt 
  the 
  

   fluid 
  is 
  soaking 
  into 
  and 
  softening 
  the 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  cocoon. 
  

   At 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  period, 
  in 
  my 
  examples, 
  the 
  moths 
  sud- 
  

   denly 
  completed 
  their 
  emergence 
  with 
  a 
  rush 
  and 
  quickly 
  

   made 
  for 
  a 
  position 
  for 
  expansion 
  ; 
  it 
  was 
  obvious 
  that 
  all 
  

   the 
  effort 
  for 
  getting 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  case 
  had 
  taken 
  place 
  

   in 
  the 
  first 
  period^ 
  though 
  the 
  moth 
  was 
  still 
  three-fourths 
  

  

  