﻿Dr. 
  Chapman's 
  Contributions 
  to 
  Life 
  History 
  of 
  Lycaena. 
  451 
  

  

  pleasure, 
  though 
  I 
  devoted 
  some 
  time 
  to 
  detecting 
  it. 
  

   Probably 
  it 
  occurs 
  less 
  easily 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  ants 
  in 
  small 
  

   artificial 
  nests, 
  and 
  the 
  ants 
  and 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  L. 
  euphetnus 
  

   are 
  certainly 
  much 
  more 
  apathetic 
  towards 
  each 
  other 
  

   than 
  is 
  the 
  case 
  with 
  either 
  L. 
  arion 
  or 
  L. 
  alcon, 
  and 
  L. 
  

   euphemus 
  is 
  decidedly 
  more 
  active 
  than 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  others, 
  

   and 
  not 
  improbably 
  finds 
  its 
  own 
  way 
  into 
  the 
  ants' 
  nest 
  

   in 
  many 
  cases. 
  

  

  The 
  egg 
  of 
  L. 
  euphemus 
  is 
  laid 
  on 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  bracts 
  

   at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  flower 
  in 
  the 
  flower-head 
  of 
  Sanguisorba 
  

   officinalis 
  ; 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  egg 
  is 
  towards 
  the 
  axis 
  of 
  the 
  

   flower-head, 
  and 
  the 
  vertical 
  axis 
  of 
  the 
  egg 
  is 
  often 
  at 
  right 
  

   angles 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  flower-head. 
  Oviposition 
  takes 
  place 
  

   whilst 
  the 
  flower-buds 
  have 
  still 
  some 
  growing 
  to 
  do, 
  so 
  

   that 
  the 
  butterfly 
  can 
  push 
  between 
  them 
  into 
  the 
  flower- 
  

   head 
  to 
  reach 
  the 
  bracts 
  inside. 
  Later, 
  the 
  flower-buds 
  

   grow, 
  and 
  the 
  egg, 
  and 
  after, 
  the 
  larva, 
  is 
  quite 
  imprisoned 
  

   until 
  it 
  prepares 
  a 
  way 
  out, 
  for 
  finally 
  leaving 
  the 
  plant. 
  

  

  The 
  egg 
  is 
  almost 
  of 
  the 
  usual 
  Lycaena 
  shape, 
  much 
  

   that 
  of 
  a 
  cheese, 
  but 
  at 
  first 
  glance 
  seems 
  very 
  different. 
  

   This 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  top, 
  which 
  in 
  typical 
  Lycaenas 
  is 
  nearly 
  

   flat 
  and 
  has 
  an 
  elaborate 
  network 
  of 
  adventitious 
  white 
  

   material, 
  but 
  is, 
  here, 
  without 
  the 
  white 
  material 
  and 
  is 
  raised 
  

   in 
  a 
  sHght 
  arch. 
  The 
  sides 
  have 
  the 
  usual 
  white 
  network, 
  

   and 
  the 
  top 
  has 
  a 
  network 
  without 
  the 
  adventitious 
  white 
  

   material. 
  It 
  is 
  0'6 
  mm. 
  wide 
  and 
  0'35 
  mm. 
  high. 
  

  

  The 
  larva 
  lives 
  inside 
  the 
  soUd 
  flower-head 
  in 
  its 
  1st, 
  

   2nd 
  and 
  3rd 
  instars. 
  In 
  the 
  3rd 
  instar 
  it 
  completes 
  the 
  

   eating 
  out 
  of 
  a 
  space, 
  very 
  usually 
  by 
  scooping 
  out 
  one 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  axis 
  of 
  the 
  flower-head 
  rather 
  above 
  the 
  middle, 
  

   but 
  not 
  unfrequently 
  without 
  invading 
  the 
  central 
  stem 
  

   and 
  even 
  at 
  various 
  angles 
  to 
  it. 
  In 
  doing 
  this 
  it 
  cuts 
  

   several 
  flowers 
  (or 
  fruits) 
  free 
  from 
  the 
  stem, 
  so 
  that 
  one 
  

   at 
  least 
  is 
  easily 
  pushed 
  out 
  when 
  the 
  larva 
  wants 
  to 
  

   escape. 
  The 
  larva, 
  full-grown 
  in 
  its 
  3rd 
  instar 
  and 
  pretty 
  

   well 
  4*0 
  mm. 
  long, 
  fills 
  this 
  excavated 
  space, 
  and 
  there 
  

   undergoes 
  its 
  third 
  moult. 
  This 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  an 
  extra- 
  

   ordinary 
  manner, 
  one 
  to 
  which 
  I 
  know 
  no 
  parallel, 
  either 
  

   in 
  Lycaenids, 
  or 
  in 
  any 
  other 
  Lepidopteron 
  whose 
  moult- 
  

   ings 
  I 
  have 
  observed. 
  Opened 
  at 
  the 
  right 
  moment, 
  the 
  

   cavity 
  contains 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  a 
  very 
  curious 
  pallid 
  aspect, 
  

   and 
  it 
  is 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  larva 
  has 
  loosened 
  itself 
  from 
  the 
  

   skin 
  to 
  be 
  cast, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  tracheae 
  can 
  be 
  seen 
  through 
  

   it, 
  drawn 
  out 
  for 
  about 
  a 
  third 
  of 
  the 
  width 
  of 
  a 
  segment, 
  

  

  