﻿cardui, 
  Argynnis 
  aglaia, 
  Brenthis 
  eujjJirosyne 
  and 
  B. 
  selene, 
  

   are 
  found 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  the 
  70th 
  parallel 
  of 
  latitude. 
  Still 
  

   more 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Arctic 
  fauna 
  are 
  Colias 
  hecla, 
  Lef., 
  

   Erebia 
  disa, 
  Thunb., 
  Oeneis 
  noma, 
  Thunb., 
  Melitaea 
  iduna, 
  

   Dalm., 
  Brenthis 
  chariclea, 
  Schneid. 
  — 
  perhaps 
  the 
  rarest 
  of 
  

   European 
  butterflies 
  — 
  B.frigga, 
  Thunb., 
  and 
  B. 
  polaris, 
  Boisd., 
  

   most 
  of 
  which 
  we 
  shall 
  frequently 
  encounter 
  again 
  as 
  we 
  pro- 
  

   ceed 
  eastward 
  round 
  the 
  Polar 
  basin. 
  Another 
  of 
  our 
  Fellows. 
  

   Dr. 
  Cockayne, 
  has 
  by 
  the 
  fortune 
  of 
  war 
  been 
  enabled 
  to 
  gather 
  

   some 
  experience 
  of 
  the 
  butterflies 
  of 
  the 
  Murman 
  coast, 
  and 
  

   we 
  may, 
  I 
  hope, 
  look 
  forward 
  to 
  an 
  account 
  of 
  his 
  observations 
  

   in 
  that 
  practically 
  unknown 
  region. 
  Dr. 
  B. 
  Poppius 
  records 
  

   six 
  species, 
  all 
  well-known 
  Lapland 
  forms, 
  from 
  the 
  Kanin 
  

   Peninsula 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  White 
  Sea; 
  and 
  on 
  August 
  4th, 
  1879, 
  

   on 
  the 
  east 
  coast 
  of 
  Novaya 
  Zemlya, 
  facing 
  the 
  inhospitable 
  

   Kara 
  Sea, 
  the 
  late 
  Admiral 
  Sir 
  A. 
  H. 
  Markham 
  met 
  with 
  Colias 
  

   nastes 
  var. 
  werdandi, 
  Zett., 
  Brenthis 
  chariclea, 
  and 
  the 
  remark- 
  

   able 
  B. 
  improha, 
  Butl., 
  which 
  is 
  probably 
  a 
  melanic 
  form 
  of 
  

   B. 
  frigga 
  and 
  was 
  previously 
  known 
  only 
  from 
  Arctic 
  America. 
  

   Concerning 
  these 
  butterflies 
  he 
  writes 
  — 
  " 
  The 
  land 
  at 
  the 
  head 
  

   of 
  Schubert 
  Bay 
  was 
  the 
  only 
  place 
  where 
  I 
  saw 
  butterflies; 
  

   and 
  here 
  I 
  was 
  fortunately 
  able 
  to 
  secure 
  several 
  different 
  

   specimens. 
  They 
  are, 
  I 
  believe, 
  the 
  first 
  captured 
  and 
  brought 
  

   home 
  from 
  Novaya 
  Zemlya. 
  They 
  were 
  excessively 
  wild, 
  

   flew 
  very 
  fast, 
  and 
  rarely 
  alighted, 
  so 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  exceed- 
  

   ingly 
  difficult 
  to 
  catch. 
  ... 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  curious 
  fact 
  that, 
  although 
  

   I 
  landed 
  several 
  times 
  during 
  the 
  month 
  of 
  August 
  with 
  the 
  

   express 
  purpose 
  of 
  obtaining 
  specimens, 
  it 
  was 
  only 
  on 
  the 
  day 
  

   above 
  referred 
  to 
  that 
  I 
  saw 
  any." 
  

  

  Records 
  from 
  the 
  northern 
  shores 
  of 
  Siberia 
  are 
  nearly 
  or 
  

   quite 
  wanting, 
  but 
  the 
  adventurous 
  German 
  explorer 
  Midden- 
  

   dorff 
  gives 
  a 
  vivid 
  and 
  graphic 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  summer 
  aspect 
  

   of 
  the 
  tundra 
  in 
  the 
  Taimur 
  peninsula, 
  gay 
  with 
  innumerable 
  

   flowers 
  and 
  alive 
  with 
  insects, 
  of 
  which 
  unfortunately 
  the 
  vast 
  

   majority 
  are 
  the 
  notorious 
  Siberian 
  mosquito. 
  Middendorff 
  

   tells 
  us 
  that 
  on 
  August 
  3rd, 
  1845, 
  in 
  the 
  very 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  

   short 
  Taimurian 
  summer, 
  in 
  74° 
  15' 
  north 
  latitude, 
  he 
  hunted 
  

   butterflies 
  under 
  the 
  shelter 
  of 
  a 
  hill, 
  barefooted 
  and 
  in 
  light 
  

   underclothes. 
  The 
  thermometer 
  rose 
  in 
  the 
  sun 
  to 
  -)- 
  68° 
  F., 
  

  

  