﻿ex 
  

  

  plete 
  their 
  transformations, 
  and 
  apparently 
  as 
  much 
  exposed 
  

   to 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  usual 
  enemies 
  of 
  their 
  tribe 
  as 
  in 
  far 
  more 
  

   genial 
  regions. 
  The 
  large 
  proportion 
  of 
  Lepidopterous 
  larvae 
  

   in 
  the 
  Far 
  North 
  that 
  are 
  infested 
  with 
  Hymenopterous 
  and 
  

   Dipteroiis 
  parasites 
  has 
  been 
  specially 
  noted 
  by 
  more 
  than 
  one 
  

   observer; 
  and 
  the 
  wariness 
  and 
  rapid 
  flight 
  of 
  the 
  perfect 
  

   insects, 
  not 
  less 
  than 
  their 
  beautifully 
  protective 
  coloration 
  in 
  

   repose, 
  indicate 
  with 
  equal 
  certainty 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  active 
  

   enemies 
  in 
  this 
  state. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  easy 
  to 
  say, 
  however, 
  what 
  

   these 
  enemies 
  can 
  be, 
  unless 
  the 
  numerous 
  small 
  wading 
  birds, 
  

   and 
  such 
  true 
  land 
  birds 
  as 
  the 
  snow-bunting 
  that 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  

   highest 
  North, 
  have 
  developed 
  a 
  taste 
  for 
  butterflies; 
  but 
  on 
  

   this 
  point 
  observations 
  are 
  almost 
  or 
  quite 
  wanting. 
  Many 
  

   of 
  these 
  boreal 
  forms 
  have 
  an 
  exceedingly 
  wide 
  distribution; 
  

   some 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  of 
  Colias, 
  Erehia, 
  Oeneis, 
  and 
  Brenthis 
  have 
  

   been 
  found 
  at 
  all 
  points 
  round 
  the 
  Polar 
  Basin 
  where 
  collections 
  

   have 
  been 
  made, 
  and 
  representatives 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  and 
  last 
  of 
  

   these 
  genera 
  reappear 
  at 
  the 
  limits 
  of 
  butterfly 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  

   Southern 
  Hemisphere. 
  The 
  genus 
  Brenthis 
  in 
  particular 
  has 
  

   the 
  enormous 
  range 
  in 
  latitude 
  of 
  137° 
  — 
  from 
  81° 
  52' 
  N. 
  to 
  

   55° 
  30' 
  S. 
  — 
  though 
  with 
  a 
  wide 
  break 
  in 
  the 
  warmer 
  parts 
  of 
  

   America 
  ; 
  and 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  Colias, 
  which 
  is 
  continued 
  through 
  

   the 
  Tropics 
  by 
  the 
  closely 
  allied 
  Meganostoma, 
  the 
  genus 
  

   itself 
  reappearing 
  at 
  high 
  elevations 
  under 
  the 
  Equator, 
  falls 
  

   short 
  of 
  this 
  by 
  only 
  two 
  degrees 
  of 
  latitude 
  at 
  most. 
  In 
  

   Southern 
  Patagonia, 
  too, 
  we 
  find 
  a 
  single 
  species 
  of 
  the 
  char- 
  

   acteristic 
  Arctic 
  genus 
  Oeneis. 
  

  

  Six 
  butterflies 
  stand 
  out 
  as 
  pre-eminently 
  insular 
  forms, 
  

   these 
  being 
  Danaida 
  plexippus, 
  Melanitis 
  leda, 
  Pyrameis 
  cardui, 
  

   Precis 
  villida, 
  Hypolimnas 
  bolina, 
  and 
  Lampides 
  boeticus. 
  The 
  

   range 
  of 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  species 
  covers 
  an 
  enormous 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  

   earth's 
  surface, 
  and 
  in 
  several 
  cases 
  extends 
  to 
  the 
  smallest 
  

   and 
  most 
  remote 
  islands 
  in 
  mid-ocean. 
  With 
  regard 
  to 
  Danaida 
  

   plexippus, 
  in 
  the 
  " 
  Entomologist's 
  Monthly 
  Magazine 
  " 
  for 
  1914 
  

   I 
  have 
  discussed 
  in 
  some 
  detail 
  its 
  wanderings 
  to 
  our 
  own 
  shores, 
  

   and 
  to 
  lands 
  more 
  than 
  half 
  the 
  earth's 
  circumference 
  distant 
  

   from 
  its 
  American 
  home, 
  so 
  this 
  most 
  interesting 
  butterfly 
  will 
  

   not 
  require 
  further 
  consideration 
  at 
  present. 
  The 
  various 
  

   geographical 
  races 
  (or 
  sub-species) 
  of 
  Melanitis 
  leda 
  are 
  found 
  

  

  