﻿PROCEEDINGS 
  OF 
  THE 
  FOURTH 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  MEETING 
  149 
  

  

  moult 
  five 
  times 
  during 
  their 
  life 
  and 
  reach 
  the 
  adult 
  stage 
  in 
  about 
  

   18-20 
  days. 
  Most 
  probably 
  there 
  is 
  only 
  a 
  single 
  generation 
  in 
  a 
  year 
  and 
  

   the 
  hoppers 
  spend 
  eleven 
  months 
  of 
  their 
  life 
  as 
  adults 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  as 
  such 
  

   that 
  they 
  hibernate. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  in 
  the 
  nymphal 
  stage 
  that 
  the 
  hoppers 
  are 
  most 
  injurious 
  to 
  the 
  

   flowers. 
  The 
  nymphs, 
  which 
  are 
  in 
  enormous 
  numbers, 
  are 
  found 
  

   clustering 
  on 
  the 
  inflorescence. 
  They 
  suck 
  the 
  sap 
  with 
  the 
  result 
  that 
  

   the 
  flowers 
  shrivel, 
  turn 
  brown 
  and 
  ultimately 
  fall 
  off. 
  The 
  attacked 
  

   inflorescence 
  has 
  a 
  blighted 
  look 
  and 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  severe 
  attacks, 
  can 
  be 
  

   noticed 
  as 
  such 
  from 
  a 
  great 
  distance. 
  It 
  seems 
  likely 
  that 
  " 
  Honey 
  

   dew," 
  falling 
  from 
  the 
  higher 
  flowers 
  on 
  the 
  blossoms 
  below, 
  does 
  some 
  

   damage 
  to 
  the 
  flowers 
  and 
  probably 
  renders 
  pollination 
  difficult. 
  

  

  The 
  old 
  gardens 
  fall 
  a 
  special 
  victim 
  to 
  this 
  pest 
  and 
  the 
  attack 
  is 
  

   all 
  the 
  more 
  severe 
  when 
  the 
  trees 
  are 
  very 
  closely 
  grown. 
  Trees 
  near 
  

   the 
  borders 
  are 
  generally 
  less 
  infested 
  than 
  those 
  situated 
  in 
  the 
  interior. 
  

   In 
  short, 
  old 
  dark 
  and 
  dense 
  gardens, 
  in 
  regions 
  having 
  a 
  hot 
  and 
  a 
  slightly 
  

   moist 
  climate, 
  afford 
  a 
  good 
  breeding 
  place 
  for 
  the 
  hoppers. 
  

  

  Habits. 
  Soon 
  after 
  attaining 
  maturity, 
  the 
  hoppers 
  leave 
  the 
  blos- 
  

   soms 
  and 
  move 
  to 
  the 
  trunks. 
  During 
  the 
  summer 
  they 
  congregate 
  

   in 
  large 
  numbers 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  surfaces 
  of 
  the 
  basal 
  horizontal 
  branches 
  

   of 
  the 
  trees 
  and 
  are 
  found 
  mainly 
  in 
  this 
  portion 
  between 
  9 
  a.m.. 
  and 
  

   5 
  P.M. 
  Only 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  them 
  remain 
  on 
  the 
  leaves 
  during 
  this 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  

   day. 
  But 
  in 
  the 
  mornings 
  and 
  evenings 
  the 
  case 
  is 
  reversed 
  ; 
  they 
  are 
  

   more 
  on 
  the 
  underside 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  than 
  elsewhere. 
  In 
  this 
  season, 
  

   even 
  during 
  the 
  earliest 
  hours 
  of 
  the 
  day, 
  the 
  hoppers 
  are 
  very 
  active 
  

   and 
  the 
  mere 
  bringing 
  of 
  the 
  hand 
  near 
  them, 
  however 
  gently, 
  will 
  make 
  

   them 
  hop 
  off. 
  

  

  In 
  winter 
  they 
  are 
  very 
  inert 
  and 
  expose 
  themselves 
  very 
  little 
  to 
  

   the 
  external 
  cool 
  air. 
  They 
  hide 
  under 
  the 
  bark, 
  lie 
  concealed 
  in 
  the 
  

   crevices 
  of 
  the 
  stems 
  or 
  find 
  shelter 
  between 
  such 
  leaves 
  as 
  are 
  webbed 
  

   together 
  by 
  spiders. 
  Winter 
  seems 
  to 
  effect 
  them 
  adversely, 
  as 
  at 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  this 
  season 
  their 
  number 
  is 
  greatly 
  reduced. 
  

  

  Control. 
  It 
  is 
  clear, 
  from 
  what 
  has 
  been 
  described 
  previously, 
  that 
  

   the 
  breeding 
  season 
  of 
  the 
  hoppers 
  does 
  not 
  precede 
  or 
  follow, 
  but 
  coin- 
  

   cides 
  with 
  the 
  flowering 
  season 
  of 
  the 
  mango 
  trees. 
  An 
  attempt 
  to 
  

   spray 
  the 
  plants 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  when 
  the 
  pest 
  in 
  its 
  nymphal 
  stage, 
  is 
  

   likely 
  to 
  do 
  more 
  harm 
  than 
  good, 
  because 
  there 
  is 
  every 
  chance 
  of 
  killing 
  

   the 
  flowers 
  along 
  with 
  the 
  insects. 
  The 
  opened 
  mango 
  flowers 
  are 
  so 
  

   delicate 
  that 
  they 
  cannot 
  stand 
  a 
  forcible 
  spray 
  even 
  of 
  warm 
  water. 
  

   With 
  this 
  in 
  view 
  we 
  tried 
  winter 
  sprays, 
  but 
  we 
  found 
  that 
  after 
  10 
  a.m. 
  

   the 
  hoppers 
  were 
  too 
  active 
  to 
  receive 
  a 
  sufficient 
  shower 
  of 
  insecticide 
  

   to 
  kill 
  them. 
  It 
  was, 
  therefore, 
  thought 
  advisable 
  to 
  hit 
  them 
  when 
  

  

  