﻿PROCEEDINGS 
  OF 
  THE 
  FOUETH 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  MEETING 
  227 
  

  

  at 
  Kathgodam 
  that 
  Surra 
  can 
  continue 
  to 
  spread 
  among 
  horses 
  in 
  the 
  

   absence 
  of 
  Tabanus." 
  The 
  losses 
  occurred 
  at 
  Mohand 
  during 
  and 
  after 
  

   the 
  Rains 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  stated 
  that 
  no 
  less 
  than 
  92 
  out 
  of 
  102 
  ponies 
  were 
  

   destroyed 
  by 
  Surra 
  on 
  the 
  Naini 
  road 
  during 
  a 
  year. 
  Now 
  that 
  dak- 
  

   traffic 
  there 
  no 
  longer 
  occurs 
  a 
  few 
  ponies 
  are 
  kept 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  cattle 
  

   without 
  loss 
  throughout 
  the 
  Rains. 
  Infection 
  arises 
  through 
  " 
  reser- 
  

   voirs 
  " 
  working 
  through 
  an 
  area. 
  Game 
  is 
  not 
  evidently 
  a 
  " 
  reservoir." 
  

   Disease 
  was 
  started 
  by 
  inoculating 
  an 
  imported 
  pony 
  with 
  camel 
  strain. 
  

   Complete 
  screening 
  of 
  ponies 
  was 
  found 
  absolutely 
  effective, 
  whilst 
  

   Surra 
  appeared 
  in 
  unscreened 
  controls 
  in 
  38 
  to 
  51 
  days. 
  The 
  food- 
  

   transmission 
  theory 
  (including 
  the 
  theory 
  of 
  transmission 
  by 
  infected 
  

   rat 
  excrement) 
  was 
  completely 
  disproved, 
  as 
  screened 
  and 
  unscreened 
  

   animals 
  were 
  all 
  fed 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  store. 
  Harness 
  and 
  galls 
  as 
  a 
  source 
  

   of 
  infection 
  were 
  also 
  excluded, 
  as 
  the 
  ponies 
  did 
  no 
  work, 
  but 
  trans- 
  

   mission 
  can 
  occur, 
  without 
  a 
  fly 
  intervening, 
  from 
  wound 
  to 
  wound. 
  

   Lice 
  were 
  not 
  present 
  on 
  the 
  ponies 
  and 
  ticks 
  {Hyalomma 
  CBgyptium) 
  

   were 
  equally 
  prevalent 
  before 
  and 
  after 
  the 
  break 
  of 
  the 
  Rains. 
  As 
  

   regards 
  the 
  prevalence 
  of 
  biting 
  flies, 
  Tahanus, 
  Hwmatopota, 
  Stomoxys, 
  

   Hippobosca 
  and 
  Hcematobia* 
  all 
  occurred 
  during 
  the 
  hot 
  weather 
  from 
  

   1st 
  May 
  until 
  the 
  Rains 
  broke 
  on 
  28th 
  June, 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  genera 
  occurred 
  

   after 
  that 
  date 
  with 
  addition 
  of 
  Chrysops 
  and 
  Lyperosia 
  and 
  many 
  

   mosquitos. 
  Of 
  these 
  flies, 
  HcBmatobia^ 
  may 
  be 
  ruled 
  out, 
  as 
  it 
  was 
  more 
  

   prevalent 
  before 
  than 
  during 
  the 
  Rains 
  ; 
  Hippobosca 
  can 
  at 
  most 
  only 
  

   cause 
  an 
  occasional 
  case 
  by 
  mechanical 
  transmission 
  ; 
  Chrysops 
  and 
  

   Lyperosia 
  were 
  so 
  scarce 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  considered 
  that 
  they 
  could 
  have 
  

   played 
  no 
  part. 
  Cross 
  and 
  Leese 
  {Journ. 
  Trop. 
  Vet. 
  Sci. 
  Ill 
  163) 
  found 
  

   fresh 
  cases 
  occuring 
  in 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  Tabanus, 
  Hwmatopota 
  and 
  Sand- 
  

   flies, 
  but 
  Stomoxys 
  and 
  mosquitos 
  came 
  under 
  suspicion. 
  Dissection 
  

   of 
  the 
  gut 
  of 
  mosquitos 
  showed 
  only 
  Trypanosomes 
  degenerating, 
  and 
  

   this 
  observation 
  applied 
  to 
  all 
  genera 
  of 
  flies 
  examined. 
  Mechanical 
  

   transmission 
  experiments 
  were 
  conducted 
  over 
  times 
  ranging 
  from 
  

   half 
  to 
  three 
  minutes, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  found 
  that 
  Tabanus 
  has 
  far 
  more 
  

   power 
  to 
  transmit 
  mechanically 
  than 
  has 
  Stomoxys. 
  Oxen 
  (and 
  perhaps, 
  

   buflalos) 
  are 
  the 
  chief 
  reservoirs 
  for 
  infection 
  of 
  horses. 
  Camels 
  mainly 
  

   infect 
  only 
  camels, 
  as 
  they 
  are 
  preferred 
  by 
  flies. 
  Leese 
  points 
  out 
  

   that 
  the 
  general 
  distribution 
  of 
  Stomoxys 
  is 
  against 
  its 
  playing 
  any 
  part, 
  

   except 
  when 
  horses 
  are 
  standing 
  in 
  lines. 
  

  

  Fraser 
  (1909) 
  stated 
  that, 
  in 
  the 
  Federated 
  Malay 
  States, 
  mechanical 
  

   transmission 
  is 
  only 
  affected 
  by 
  immediate 
  transfer 
  from 
  host 
  to 
  host 
  

   by 
  four 
  species 
  of 
  Tabanus, 
  and 
  not 
  by 
  Hwmatopota 
  or 
  Stomoxys. 
  

  

  * 
  Judging 
  from 
  a 
  specimen 
  now 
  in 
  existence 
  in 
  the 
  Pusa 
  collection 
  and 
  collected 
  

   at 
  Mohand 
  in 
  July 
  1908, 
  thefly 
  here 
  referred 
  to 
  as 
  Hcematobia 
  is 
  really 
  Siygen,vii4ia 
  

   maculosa, 
  Aust. 
  ■ 
  

  

  