xvi CONTENTS. 



the underlying Cold Water. — The Arctic Return Currents. — Antarctic 

 Indraught. — Vertical Distribution of Temperature in the North Atlantic 

 Basin Page 356 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE DEEP-SEA FAUNA. 



The Protozoa of the Deep Sea. — Baihyhius. — ' Coccoliths,' and ' Cocco- 

 spheres.' — The Foraminifera of the Warm and Cold Areas. — Deep-sea 

 Sponges. — The Hexactinellida-. — Rossella. — Hyalonema. — Deep-sea 

 Corals. — The Stalked Crinoids. — Pentacrinus. — Rhizocrinus. — Bathy- 

 crinus. — The Star-fishes of the Deep Sea. — The general Distribution and 

 Relations of Deep-sea Urchins. — The Crustacea, the Mollusca, and the 

 Fishes of the ' Porcupine ' Expeditions Page 407 



CHAPTER X. 



THE CONTINUITY OF THE CHALK. 



Points of Resemblance between the Atlantic Ooze and the White Chalk. — 

 Differences between them. — Composition of Chalk. — The Doctrine of the 

 Continuity of the Chalk. — Objections. — Arguments in favour of the 

 View from Physical Geology and Geography. —Former Distribution of 

 Sea and Land. — Palseontological Evidence. — Chalk-flints. — Modern 

 Sponges and Ventriculites — Corals. — Echinoderms. — Mollusca. — Opinions 

 of Professor Huxley and Mr. Prestwich. — The Composition of Sea-water. 

 — Presence of Organic Matter. — Analysis of the contained Gases. — Differ- 

 ences of Specific Gravity.— Conclusion Page 467 



Appendix A. — Summary of the Results of the Examination of Samples of 

 Sea-water taken at the Surface and at various Depths. By William Lant 

 Carpenter, B. A., B.Sc Page 502 



Appendix B. — Results of the Analyses of Eight Samples of Sea-water 

 collected during the Third Cruise of the ' Porcupine.' By Dr. Frank- 

 land, F.R.S Page 511 



Appendix C. — Notes on Specimens of the Bottom collected during the First 

 Cruise of the ' Porcupine ' in 1869. By David Forbes, F.R.S. Page 514 



Appendix D. — Note on the Carbonic Acid contained in Sea-water. By 

 John Young Buchanan, M.A., Chemist to the 'Challenger' Expedition. 



Page 518 



INDEX Page 523 



