chap, viii.] THE GULF-STREAM. 359 



To these may be added the observations of Lieu- 

 tenant S. P. Lee, of the United States Coast Survey, 

 who, in August 1847, recorded a temperature of 

 2 0- 7 C. below the Gulf-stream at a depth of 1,000 

 fathoms, lat. 35° 26' N., long. 73° 12' W. ; and of 

 Lieutenant Dayman, who found the temperature at 

 1,000 fathoms in lat. 51° N. and long. 40° W. to 

 be — o, 4 O.j the surface temperature being 12°* 5 C. 

 These results are fully borne out by the recent 

 determinations of Captain Shorthand, R.N., who 

 observed a temperature of 2° - 5 C. in deep water in 

 the Arabian Sea between Aden and Bombay, 1 by 

 those of Commander Chimmo, H.N., and Lieutenant 

 Johnson, H.N., who found at various points in the 

 xltlantic a temperature of about 3°'9 C. at 1,000 

 fathoms, and a slow decrease from that point to 

 2,270 fathoms, where the temperature registered by 

 unprotected thermometers was 6° 6 C, reduced by the 

 necessary correction for pressure to about 1 0, 6 C., 2 

 and finally by the temperature determinations of the 

 ' Porcupine ' expeditions, carefully conducted with 

 protected instruments, but not carried nearer the 

 tropics than the latitude of the Strait of Gibraltar ; 

 and they appear to go far to establish a nearly uni- 

 form temperature for abyssal depths, not far from 

 the freezing-point of fresh water. 



As it was evident that the low temperature for 

 deep water in tropical regions could not be acquired 



1 Sounding Voyage of H.M.S. ' Hydra,' Captain P. F. Shortland. 

 London: 1869. 



2 Soundings and Temperatures in the Gulf-stream. By Commander 

 W. Chimmo, E,N. (Proceedings of the Koyal Geographical Society, 

 vol. xiii.) 



