390 THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA. [chap. viii. 



by Professor Buff to perform the work are thus the 

 vis a tergo of the trade-wind drift, and the direct 

 driving power of the anti-trades, producing what 

 has been called the anti-trade drift. This is quite 

 in accordance with the views here advocated. The 

 proportion in which these two forces act, it is un- 

 doubtedly impossible in the present state of our 

 knowledge to determine. 



Mr. A. G. Findlay, a high authority on all hydro- 

 graphic matters, read a paper on the Gulf-stream 

 before the Royal Geographical Society, reported in 

 the 13th volume of the Proceedings of the' Society. 

 Mr. Pindlay, while admitting that the temperature 

 of north-eastern Europe is abnormally ameliorated by 

 a surface-current of the warm water of the Atlantic 

 which reaches it, contends that the Gulf-stream proper, 

 that is to say the water injected, as it were, into 

 the Atlantic through the Strait of Florida by the 

 impulse of the trade-winds, becomes entirely thinned 

 out, dissipated, and lost, opposite the Newfoundland 

 banks about lat. 45° N. The warm water of the 

 southern portion of the North Atlantic basin is still 

 carried northwards ; but Mr. Pindlay attributes this 

 movement solely to the anti-trades — the south-west 

 winds — which by their prevalence keep up a balance 

 of progress in a north-easterly direction in the surface 

 layer of the water. 



Dr. Carpenter entertains a very strong opinion that 

 the dispersion of the Gulf-stream may be affirmed to 

 be complete in about lat, 45° N. and long. 35° "VV. 

 Dr. Carpenter admits the accuracy of the projection 

 of the isotherms on the maps of Berghaus, Dove 

 Petermann, and Keith Johnston, and he admits like- 



