36 THE TANGANYIKA PROBLEM. 



to be an expression of one of those linear series of gigantic 

 earth movements which have formed the Ancles and the 

 Rocky Mountains in America, the Alps and the Caucasus in 

 Europe. Further, as is the case with most great mountain 

 chains of this sort, the lofty heights that have been pro- 

 duced along the axes of the folds, are in general not volcanic 

 cones, or volcanoes in the ordinary sense of that term, but, 

 at the same time, as is the case with the Alps and the 

 Caucasus, the earth movements, the folding and the crump- 

 ling of the globe's crust, which appears to have brought 

 these chains into existence, has also originated true 

 volcanic activity in their vicinity, and thus matching the 

 existence of the Auvergnes and the cones of the Puy de 

 Dome in relation to the Alps and the Pyrenees, Etna, 

 Vesuvius, and Stromboli, in relation to the Appenines ; so 

 we find the Mfunbiro Mountains, Kilima-Njaro, Kenia, and 

 innumerable smaller volcanoes, some active, some extinct, 

 but always in their position more or less closely dogging 

 the course of the Great African Range. The processes of 

 elevation which find their maximum expression in the Alps 

 and the Pyrenees have affected wide areas, especially to 

 the north of these heights, and so also in Africa we find that 

 the great tendency towards elevation along an axis running 

 north and south through the continent has, in the same 

 way, affected to a less degree an enormous area of the 

 earth's surface east and west of the range. This is 

 evidenced by the rising of the coast line which can be seen 

 to have occurred at innumerable places, both on the east and 

 the west of the continent. It is very apparent for example 

 at Mombasa, Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, Delagoa Bay, Shupanga, 

 and near the eastern slopes of Mount Morambala, at all of 

 which points there are to be found marine deposits of 

 different ages now elevated above the sea level ; and 



