INDEX. 



3 6 9 



Sphaerium nyanzse, 131. 



,, stuhlmanni, 131. 



Sponges, spicules of, 321. 



,, of Tanganyika, description of, 

 309, 310, 318, 323. 

 Spongilla aspinosa, affinities of, 316, 317. 



,, lacustris, 317. 



,, moorei, affinities of, 309, 310, 



3i5> 32i- 

 ,, tanganyikce, affinities of, 320, 



331- 

 ,, ,, , description of, 318. 



Stairs, explorations of, in Mountains of the 



Moon, 102. 

 Stanley, explorations of, 79. 

 Stanleya, 218. 

 Stanley's rush drains, 8^. 

 Stromboli in relation to the Apennines, 36. 

 Strombus, 16. 



,, , affinities of, 270, 272, 274, 330. 

 Structure of the African continent, 8. 

 Struthiolaria, affinities of, 171. 

 Stuhlmann, explorations and views of, 79, 



98, 102. 

 Suess, opinions of, 6, 40, 79. 

 Swamps, papyrus, near Kivu, 83. 

 Synodontis afrofischeri, 130. 

 ,, citernii, 132. 

 ,, granulosus, 66. 

 ,, multipunctatus, description of, 



164. 

 ,, ornatipinnis, 125. 

 ,, schali, 132. 

 ,, zambeziensis, 124, 125. 

 ,, zanzibaricus, 132. 

 Syrnolopsis, 218, 219. 



"MNIOGLOSSA, AFFINITIES OF 



THE, 16, 201, 271. 

 Tanganyicia, 218. 



,, , affinities of, 246, 248, 249, 



266, 273, 274. 

 Tanganyika, aqueous deposits, old, near,35. 

 ,, , ancestral type of the fauna of, 



344- 

 ,, , Arab traditions concerning its 

 outflow, 90. 



Tanganyika characinidie, description of, 



154- 

 ,, , cichlid fishes in, 136. 

 ,, cichlidse, 329. 



,, connected formerly with the 



sea, 3. 

 ,, crabs, description of the, 280, 



286. 

 ,, Crustacea, 279. 



,, cyprinidre, description of, 154. 



,, , depth of, 48. 

 ,, , description of the valley of, 



80, 81. 

 ,, expeditions, date of the first, 



220. 

 ,, ,, geological obser- 



vations made 

 on the 55, 327. 

 ,, ,, primary object of 



the, 79. 

 ,, ,, reasons for, 3. 



,, , fall in the level of, 90. 

 ,, , fauna of, 9, 133. 



,, ,, , age of the, 343. 



,, ,, , distinctive character 



of, 141. 

 ,, ,, , marine character of, 



141. 

 ,, , type of, 73, 343, 344. 

 , fishes of, 134, 135, 136, 152. 

 ,, ,, , description of the, 



154-216. 

 ,, , gastropods of, 141, 217. 



,, , , , affinities of, 269. 



,, ,, , alimentary systems 



of, 267. 

 ,, ,, , ancestral characters 



of, 268, 277. 

 ,, , gneiss and schist on, 81. 

 ,, , halolimnic fauna of, 9, 150, 



218, 331. 

 ,, , halolimnic fauna, characters 



of, solve the Tanganyika 

 problem, 331, 337. 

 ,, lamellibranchs, 72, 217. 



,, lepidosirenidre, 154. 



,, , level of, changes in, 90. 



24 



