10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 



chisels were made of elk horn. Few relics are found in these 

 ancient middens for the reason that the wood, shells, and 

 bones used in making implements and utensils were so perish- 

 able. Those found are mostly barbed and grooved bone spear 

 and arrow points, bone skinning knives and scrapers, whale 

 rib daggers, bone needles, and mussel shell knives. 



The burial mounds, so far as the writer has been able to 

 locate them, are few in number. In the old days and until 

 quite recently, the Quillayutes "buried" their dead mostly in 

 canoes suspended among the leafy branches of the alder trees 

 that border the various streams. They also cremated the 

 dead. Furthermore the encroaching sea might possibly have 

 obliterated some ancient graveyard, as it is washing away the 

 graveyard of last century there now. Consequently, the few- 

 ness of the burial mounds. 



The mounds are composed of clay, rock, clay and sand 

 mixed, or of boulders only. The mounds of each type are 

 usually several feet in height and many feet in diameter. 

 Some of them approach an ellipse in shape; others, the form 

 of a parallelogram. The material of each mound seems to 

 have been heaped up over the corpse, which seems to have 

 been laid on the top of the ground. The boulder heaps often 

 contain fragments of cedar which would make one think that 

 a crib of cedar might have been made over the corpse and 

 then over this the boulders were piled, in the same manner 

 that the Apaches of Fort Apache, Arizona, bury their dead 

 on the east bank of White River to-day. Ashes in some of 

 them seem to be against this theory, unless the body was 

 cremated before the covering-over was done. Some of the 

 other mounds have only ashes in them, which seems to indi- 

 cate that the body was cremated before interment. The re- 

 maining mounds have almost wholly decomposed bones, often 

 only traces of bones, in them. Some of the mounds also have 

 a layer of ashes a foot or so above the corpse. This would 

 seem to indicate that the belongings of the deceased were 

 burned on the grave after the corpse had been covered over 

 with a layer of earth. 



In all the various classes of mounds examined, no relics 

 have been found. It therefore seems that they were made by 



