18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4th Ser. 



rants, raspberry, salmon berry, thimble berry, salal, elder, 

 alder, and crabapple. The only open spots are at Flattery 

 rocks, along the Waatch River and at Tsuess on the Pacific 

 south of the mouth of the Waatch and the cleared area at 

 the Indian village of Neah Bay on the Strait of Fuca. 



In the region originally claimed by the Makahs the ocean 

 is shut out in most places by a high precipitous rock wall. 

 At a few places, however, the sea meets a friendly beach. On 

 these beaches and in the open spots above mentioned, the 

 aborigines had their homes. In fact, every available land- 

 ing and open space has had its little settlement at some time 

 or other, and to-day each has its midden remains, oven 

 mounds, and burial piles. The most extensive remains are 

 at the Indian village of Neah Bay, at Ozette, at the mouth 

 of Ozette River, two miles further north up the coast, in the 

 Tsuess region, at Waatch, near the mouth of the river of the 

 same name, at "Warm House," on Tatoosh Island, at Baada 

 Point, and Neah. 



The archaeological remains indicate four stages, which the 

 writer will designate as recent, old, very old, and ancient. 

 They also seem to show that the region has been occupied 

 by at least three different peoples. 



The Recent. The middens of this age date from the com- 

 ing of the white man and show his implements and Hudson 

 Bay beads intermingled with the ocean shells and Indian 

 curios. They continue in age to the present time. The 

 largest midden heaps of this age are at Neah Bay proper. 

 In the main they compose a shell ridge which runs in a semi- 

 circle through the present village. It is of considerable 

 width and I should judge that it is three feet in thickness. 

 Its principal constituents are sea shells ; a few of the Pacific 

 oysters are found in these remains. 



The Old remains are scattered throughout the region and 

 often underlay the recent, to which they are very similar. 

 They differ, however, in a lack of white man's things and in 

 a greater abundance of Pacific oyster shells. These remains, 

 as with the recent, contain many stone implements, such as 

 hammers, chisels, knives, daggers, etc. They also contain 

 stone effigies, totems and other household ornaments and 

 curios, all distinctly Makah in make. This seems to, show 



