204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pboc. 4th Ser. 



places it as lower Miocene and the Stampian and Tongrian in 

 the Oligocene. Most of the faunal comparisons made by 

 Guppy indicate the same stage, but the Antillean fauna may 

 have developed from an earlier cosmopolitan fauna of upper 

 Eocene age, or we may be dealing with a case of parallel evo- 

 lution. Most of the forms identified in the Antillean — the 

 corals for example, — by early investigators have been rejected 

 by the investigators of today. Thus Vaughan'^ rejects all 

 Duncan's-- European species as occurring in the Antilles. It 

 seems to the writer that an Atlantis is quite unnecessary to 

 account for the faunal relationship between the West Indies 

 and the Miocene of Europe. According to Hill, Orhitoidcs 

 mantelli, a characteristic Oligocene form does not occur in the 

 Bowden beds. Thus, the best evidence for Oligocene age has 

 disappeared. 



Hill states the date of this fauna as follows : "In my opinion 

 it was during late Miocene and Pliocene time beginning with 

 the Bowden epoch of the Jamaican sequence. Dr. Dall holds 

 that the age of the Bowden beds is late Oligocene. It is my 

 opinion that the stratigraphic relations of these beds in Jamaica 

 indicate a later age. Deferring to Dall's opinion, I have ten- 

 tatively accepted his conclusions, however, until more field 

 work can be done." Thus diastrophism indicates a Miocene 

 age for Bowden fauna as shown above. 



The lack of relationship between Miocene Mammalian 

 faunas of North and South America indicates a widespread 

 submergence at this time. 



The Oligocene of the Pacific states contains no forms com- 

 mon to the Bowden fauna. One form, a shark tooth, Henii- 

 pristis serra Agassiz occurs in the Temblor formation (middle 

 Miocene) near Bakersfield, in a Tertiary formation at Tuxpan, 

 Mexico, an equivalent of the Bowden horizon and in the Mary- 

 land Miocene. This shark tooth represents a species much 

 more specialized than usual. One or two other forms from 

 Bakersfield, California, are very close, if not identical to species 

 in the Bowden fauna. As the Tertiary of Lower California is 

 explored, an intergradational fauna should be sought which 



^' Vaughan, T. W., Some Cretaceous and Eocene Corals from Jamaica, in Hill: 

 Geol. of Jamaica, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 34, 227, 1899. 



== Duncan, P. M., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 21, 1-15, 1865. 



