1922.] tlie Near East and Tropical East Africa. 17 



h. Birds with the broadest forehead- bands are on the 

 large size in either wing or ciihnen, three having 

 wings o£ 100 mm.^ and five others have culmens 

 of 19 mm. 



c. The paler the mantles the broader the forehead-band, 

 but a broad forehead-band does not necessarily mean 

 a pale mantle. 



Males from Tropical East Africa (a\\ in winter quarters). — 

 27 examined. Wings 94-99," 100, 101, 102, and 104. (Cul- 

 mens 18-19'5, 20, 20. Only one has a broad white 

 forehead-band. All mantles are normal. 



I conclude therefore that : — 



1. The races nivea, rostrata, and argentea are not suffi- 



ciently well founded and must become synonyms of 

 (Enanthe ce. cenanthe. 



2. (Enanthe cm. omanthe in the southern part of its 



lange, in tlie Mediterranean, Syria, Palestine and 

 Turkestan, tends to have a larger percentage of large- 

 billed, or long-winged, or white-foreheaded^ or paler 

 mantled individuals than birds breeding in the west 

 of Europe, but that these characteristics are seldom 

 all present in the same individual, neither are they 

 by any means constant within any definite area. It 

 is however possible that somewhere in Siberia a long- 

 winged, pale foreheaded and mantled bird will be 

 found breeding, and that these characteristics will 

 be constant within a definite area. 



3. The only races of (Enanthe cenanthe which I therefore 



recognize are : — 



Wing of males. Culmeu. 

 cenanthe .... Europe and Asia .... 93-99, 10-19, 



rarely to 104. rarely 20. 



leucorrhoa .... Greenland, etc 10:^-110 16-18 



seebohmi .... Algeria and Morocco . . 92-98 17-19 



viraffo Crete 89-95 19-20 



2Mllipsi Somaliland 78-83, 87 16-18 



SER. XI. — VOL. IV. C 



