1 922.] binis o/ Jhaiia hiMnrl. 28H 



Anthus spinoletta japonicus Temm. k Schlcg. 



A mule in first winter plnniaoe was shot on 7 DeccMnbcr, 

 1919, at Massan, where it was found in a small jheel much 

 frequented by Anthus rosacei(s. This bird is probably a not 

 infrequent winter visitor overlooked amongst the numbers 

 of other Pipits, as it will he remembered that Brooks obtained 

 two in the neighbouring district of Multan (S. ¥. viii. p. 48G). 



Anthus rufiilus rufulus Vi(!ill. 



j\Iy observations on the Common Indian Pipit are ex- 

 ceedingly unsatisfactory, owing to the difficulty of separating 

 this bird in the field from A. rampestris ; for some time also 

 I found considerable difficulty in S(>paru(ing the two birds in 

 the cabinet, as the only fully satisfactory means of discrimi- 

 nation is one of measurement. The ' Fauna of B, India ' 

 supp]i(>s verv inisatisfactory material as regards measure- 

 ments, and while Hartert\s ' Pahearctic Fauna* and the 

 'Practical Hand-book' give measurements for ^1. campestvis, 

 I could not find similar data for ^1. rufulus. It was therefore 

 necessary to work out the differences for myself in England, 

 and the data thus obtained enabled me to separate my series 

 of both species correctly. I then found that several skins 

 tcnitatively identified in India as A. rufulus were reallv 

 A. campestris, with the result that the majority of my field 

 notes regarding the appearance and dates of the two species 

 became valueless : hence the status of Anthus rufulus in Jhang 

 District remains uncertain. It is probably a summer visitor 

 only, as is the case with so many Indian forms in the extreme 

 north-west of the Indian Peninsula. At any rate, the bird 

 breeds in considerable numbers all along the riverain area of 

 the Chenab, and presumably also the Jhelum, being paired 

 as early as March and continuing on the breeding-ground 

 as late at least as the end of July. 



Th(! relative lengths of the tertiaries in relation to the 

 primaries is no distinguishing feature as between A. rufulus 

 and A. campestris. It is variable in both species. 



Reliably scxcd birds may, however, always be separated on 

 measurements, as may be seen from a comparison of the 



