1922.] the Birds of Sind. 531 



The hills of Sind havo their peculiar trees, and here the wild 

 olive (Olea ferruginea), dwarf palm {Nannorliops ritcheana) 

 and Grewia are found, while after rain, glasses and other 

 plants make up a somewhat scanty vegetation. Possibly in 

 nullahs where there is water more trees and jungle may 

 exist, as some cnltivation certainly does. 



Along the whole sea-board with its innumerable creeks and 

 mudflats the mangroves [lihijzopliora mlcronotata and Avi- 

 cennia o^cinalis) " kamo "'' form considerable salt-water 

 forests, while the salt-impregnated desert supports ])lant.s 

 such as Sueda, Salsola, etc. 



Migration. — There are two distinct migration routes in 

 Sind ; one of these is the eastern fringe of the route by 

 which migrants from Afghanistan. North-west Frontier 

 Province, and countries farther north pass to their winter 

 quarters in perhaps Arabia and Africa. By this route must 

 travel those species which, breeding in these northern parts, 

 pass though Sind but do not winter in India ; such are 

 Agrohates g. familiaris, Caprimulgus e. xunoini, Coracias g. 

 semeiioici, Lanius coUurio, L. m. assimilis, L. e. pJuviticiiroides, 

 Merops apiaster, Monticola sa.vatilis, Muscicapa s. neumanni, 

 Oriolus g. galbida, and Salvia c. icterops. This^ too, is the 

 route which Glareola pratincola, Merops persicus, Ciindus 

 canortis, and birds which partially winter in Sind, such as 

 Upupa epops, Numenivs plicvopus (and probably other Waders) 

 take. For some reas )n which I am unable to ex[)lain, a 

 number of these species do not come under observation on 

 spring passage. 



The second route is one from farther south in India to the 

 northern breeding-grounds and vice versa, and is simply the 

 western wing, in India, of the vast S. to N. and N. to S. 

 movement by which the winter visitors to India depart and 

 arrive; and apart from the winter visitors to Sind, the most 

 conspicuous passage migrants on this route are Motacilla f. 

 beema and M. f. nielanogrisea, Muscicapa p. parra, lliijUo- 

 scopus n. nitidus, nnd some Waders. By this route, too 

 come the *' rain visitors " to Sind, e.g. Cocrgstcs Jacobinus 

 Sarciophorus malabaricus, Coturnix coromundelicus, etc. 



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