1895.] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 259 



plasm, while those from the middle and deeper layers 

 are of rather an oval shape, sometimes running into the 

 long- protoplasmic tails or processes having also a single 

 large nucleus and granular protoplasm, yet all this is 

 not absolute proof. 



In diseases of the vagina and uterine cervix, the de- 

 posit is loaded with large pavement epitlielial cells which 

 are found lying in masses overlapping one another (fig. 

 3). Kidney cells loaded with fat (fig. 1 b) indicates fatty 

 degeneration in renal tissue, but a differential diagnosis 

 cannot be founded upon these cells alone. 



Red Blood Corpuscles are often found in large 

 quantities indicating hemorrhage. When few in num- 

 ber, shrunken in appearance, of a pale yellowish color 

 looking more like washed out rings than normal red 

 blood cells, there is ground for suspicion that the blood 

 was effused in the kidney, pointing either to acute neph- 

 ritis or tuberculosis (fig. 4). 



Pus-Cells may be easily recognized with the micro- 

 scope. They are about one third larger than a red blood 

 corpuscle and colorless. They are made up of cell-walls, 

 granular contents, and nuclei (fig. 5). Add a drop of 

 acetic acid and the cell wall becomes quite transparent 

 and the nuclei more decided. If of doubtful identity, it 

 may be quickly dispelled by either the iodo-potassic io- 

 dide solution or Vi talis guaiacum tincture test. The 

 former colors the cells a deep mahogany brown and the 

 epithelium with which they are occasionally blended a 

 light yellow ; the latter gives a deep blue tint. 



Casts. — There are two kinds of Casts, Unorganized 

 and Organized. The former includes False-Casts and 

 those formed of crystals and urates. Pathologically 

 these have but little significance. 



The latter includes those derived from the loops of 

 Henle and the collecting tubes of the kidney : 

 (1) Blood-casts, consisting of coagulated fibrin enclosing 



