124 NiCHOLLS, Siudy of Penguins on The Nobbies, Vic. [,sf "j' 



Emu 

 an. 



of the female is much sUmmer and weaker in appearance. I 

 have found the above differences constant in the great hordes 

 of Penguins that were under continuous observation for just 

 two days short of a fortnight." Littler is inclined to bracket 

 E. minor and E. tindina together. 



Littler says that Dr. Finsch refused to admit any specific 

 distinction, also that Dr. Coues, after examining Gould's types 

 in the museum at Philadelphia, says : — " These specimens are 

 slightly smaller than the average minor, bluer than usual, but not 

 bluer than No. 1338, and with rather weak bills. . . I cannot 

 distinguish these specimens even as a variety." 



Lucas and Le Soucf, i* describing E. minor and E. undina, give 

 the following measurements : — • 



E. minor. E. undina. 



Total length 18 inches (457.2 mm.) ... 14-15 inches (355.6-381 mm.) 



Gape ... 2.15 ... 1.75 



Flipper ... 5.6 ... 4.7 



Mid. toe and claw 2.1 ... 1.9 



Hutton and Drmmnond}^ writing of Blue Penguins {E. minor), 

 give the total length at 16 inches, and state that " the female is 

 smaller than the male." As they give no other measurements, 

 theirs is probably a naked eye observation. It has already been 

 mentioned how difficult it is to tell male from female, and the 

 difference of a • few millimeters, as shown by the tables, is not 

 appreciable to the naked eye when comparing birds side by side. 



A. J. Campbell i6_ 



E. minor, total length, 18 inches. States that a rookery existed 

 on Red Point, Phillip Island, in 1880, but departed after quarrying 

 and other operations had disturbed them. 



E. undina. — Total length (about) 14 inches, and differs from E. 

 minor " in being constantly less in size and in deeper glossy blue 

 colouring of the upper surface." 



R. HallA'^ — E. minor {E. undina), one species. 



Total length, about 16 inches (406.4 mm.) 

 Exposed culmen 1.4 

 Gape to tip ... 175 



Basset Hull^^ gives the two species in his list, but in a recent 

 letter states that he " has long since arrived at the conclusion that 

 there is but one yalid species of Eitdyptula, ranging from Tasmania 

 to Port Stephens." 



/. A. Leach^^ allows two species. 



Capt. S. A. White, in a letter, states: — "I am sure we have 

 two birds on our coast-line." 



Charles E. Belcher,^^^ writing of Fairy Penguin {E. minor undina, 

 Belcher's nomenclature), says : — " I include the birds till recently 



I 



