128 



Emu 



NicHOLLS, Study of Penguins on The Nobbies, Vic. [,<;[ r 



CuLMEN Measurements of Adult (Living) Birds. 

 Table 7. 



I 



* Denotes pairs of birds 22-23, 25-26, 27-28, 29-30, 41-42, 43-44, 46-47, 48-49. 



29 " A " type pairs with 30 " B " type. Note-book says that No. 30 was just commencing to moult. 



(t), (a). (3), (4) all found in one burrow. 



Thus I think it is fairly demonstrated that tlie culmen and 

 other measurements can be used in separating male and female. 



In no one instance, however, out of the 50 birds examined, has 

 there been a culmen measurement to correspond exactly to the 

 34-16 of E. minor iredalei {E. undina), and Mathews characterizes 

 the " short, thick bill " as the distinguishing characteristic of 

 this species. This is the form he states that his " recent researches 

 have enabled him to trace as a sub-species breeding on the 

 Chatham Islands." 



At all events, as regards the birds at Phillip Island, everything 

 points to there being only one species, and that is E. minor {E. 

 minor novcBhoUandicB). 



The data in the tables and the tabulated list reveal several 

 other interesting facts. The asterisks in Tables 6 and 7 show 

 that pairs of birds undergo the moult together (see photographs 

 8 and 11). In one instance, however (Table 7, pair 29-30), the 

 male (29) had completed the moult, and ran into the sea and 

 swam away w^hen released, whilst the female (30), just commencing 

 to lose its feathers, ran towards the sea, but hid under a rock 

 instead of going into the water. 



"Billy" Penguin, the crested bird befriended by Mr. Donald 

 Macdonald and myself at Lome in 1910,21 showed the same dis- 

 inclination to enter the s^a whilst undergoing a moult. 



In Table 6 the pair of birds 9 and 11 also show that the male 

 had moulted (type A), whilst the female had not (type B). 



Some Adult Characteristics Not Mentioned by Mathews 

 AND Previous Workers. 



(New descriptions are in italics.) 



Iris. — Inner circle silvery-cream,* outer circle dark brown with 

 network of silvery-cream lines. 



upper Bill. — Mandible brownish-black, cutting edge and tip 



