EMBIA MAJOR FEOM THE HIMALAYAS. 173 



(m, in-^-nii in text-figs. 1 and 2). It consists of two main stems (m and m t ) arising close 

 together at the base of the wing. The upper stem bifurcates into two branches before 

 reaching the middle of the wing. The upper branch (w*,) remains undivided and receives 

 the apex of the radial vein. It is, furthermore, united to that vein by a series of 4-(> 

 cross-veins. The lower branch divides into two veins (m a and m 3 ) : the upper vein m 2 is 

 connected with m x by a variable series of cross-veins; the lower vein m 3 is united to m 2 

 by one or two cross-veins. The lower stem of the radial vein (?w 4 ), as a rule, remains 

 undivided ; in the left upper wing of one specimen, however, it was found to be 

 bifurcated (vide text-fig. 2). It is joined to the Veins in front by 3 or 4 transverse 

 veins, and to the cubital vein behind by 1-4 similar veins. The cubital vein (cu.) 

 bifurcates at a distance from its origin equal to about one-third of its length. The 

 upper branch is joined to the median vein by the cross-veins just referred to ; the lower 

 branch does not receive any cross-veins, but is greatly thickened and chitinised like the 

 radius, and clearly visible to the unaided eye. The anal vein (a.) is the smallest vein of 

 all and is unbranched; it is connected with the basal stem of the cubital vein by 

 a single transverse vein. EnderleiD, however, remarks: — " Die Analis is die zarte 

 und hyaline Clavusnaht, die Axillaris lauft in der Mitte des Clavus kraftig und endet 

 ohne Nodulus-bildung vom Ende des Clavus in den Hinterrand " (1912, p. 10). This 

 interpretation I believe to be incorrect, for " Nakte " occur between other veins also, and 

 can be seen in the newly formed wing immediately after the last ecdysis, before full 

 chitinisation has taken place. The vein which appears to me to represent the true anal 

 vein is the one he terms the axillary. In text-fig. 2 are represented the greatest number 

 of veins that could ex hypothesi occur in any individual pair of wings. It has been 

 constructed by combining in one figure the various variations that I have observed 

 in both pairs of wings of eight individual males. The neuration of the upper wing 

 shown in the figure agrees almost entirely with Krauss's figure (1911, p. 7) of the 

 primitive hypothetical state of wing-neuration in Enibiidse, the only difference being 

 the much greater number of transverse veins in Embia major. In the bifurcation of 

 the lower stem (m 4 ) of the radial vein, as an occasional and apparently rare variation, 

 we have a relic of an earlier condition. So far as I am aware, this only occurs as 

 a constant character in the genus Donaconelhis, Enderl., where it is present in both 

 wings. Krauss (1911, Taf. 5. fig. 21 d) figures the right wings of a specimen of 

 E. savignyi, Westw., in which the vein m 4 is similarly bifurcated, though it is not usually 

 so in that species. In the lower wing of one specimen of E. major the radial vein passes 

 directly to the margin of the wing, instead of uniting with the upper stem (m x ) of the 

 median vein. This appears to be a reversion to a primitive condition which is found in 

 the generalised genus Clothoda, Enderl., and one or two other forms. 



The legs do not present any special features, with the exception of the arolia * or 

 ventral pads of the tarsi. In relation with the hind pair of legs there are two such pads 

 on the first tarsal joint (metatarsus), and in this respect E. major differs from its 

 congeners and resembles the genus Haploembia, Verb. On the second tarsal joint there 



* " Sohlenbliischen " of Verhoeff. 





