Seaman's Ocean — Lt. M. F. Maury, USN : 259 



tion of effort was unlikely to occur; would have been difficult to 

 secure even if planned and desired; and would have had a value if 

 secured. 



In time questions of overlapping interests, of economy of effort, of 

 neglected opportunities did arise, and in 1902 an international meet- 

 ing was held in Stockholm which resulted in the creation of an inter- 

 national Council for the Study of the Sea with permanent headquar- 

 ters in Copenhagen. 



At the same time that the great research expeditions were sailing 

 the high seas research was also commencing in special centers along- 

 shore. As early as 1872 Dr. Anton Dohrn, a German biologist, estab- 

 lished at Naples one of the first and one of the most famous stations 

 for marine biology. Before the century closed even a prince had 

 become a devotee of marine science. This was Prince Albert I of 

 Monaco who equipped his fine steam yacht as a research vessel and 

 made a number of cruises in her. Ashore he built and equipped a sta- 

 tion for marine biology, an aquarium and a marine museum. In 1919 

 the International Hydrographic Bureau was also established in 

 Monaco. Over the years many different types of institutions have 

 grown up in Europe. Some pursue purely scientific interests, others 

 have practical and economic purposes such as the improvement of 

 fisheries or the cultivation of oysters. In fact, the separation of prac- 

 tical and scientific is not as sharp as it sounds, for the abstract work 

 of the scientist often turns out to have a practical application and the 

 problems of the fisheries research stations have sometimes provided 

 materials for development by the scientists. 



On this side of the Atlantic shore stations had a growth very similar 

 to those of Europe both in character and time. In 1880 C. O. Whit- 

 man, a biologist from Harvard, went to Woods Hole in the summer 

 and there gave instruction in marine biology. Thus at one stroke he 

 not only laid the foundation for the great Institute of Marine Biology 

 at Woods Hole but also anticipated the summer school or summer 

 session which has become an important feature of so many American 

 universities. A fisheries laboratory has also been added to Woods Hole 

 and a fully equipped oceanographic institute with its own seagoing 

 research vessels. 



Oceanographic departments for teaching and research have grown 

 up in a number of American universities. Yale University has the 

 Bingham Foundation for Oceanography and Columbia carries out its 

 activities as part of the Lamont Observatory of Geology. 



On the west coast the steps in development that we have seen on 



