Fore-and-Aft : 291 



Atlantic in 12 days, 4 hours and i minute, a distance of 3,013 miles; 

 her average time for the crossing was 10.4 knots. 



In 1928, Mr. Bell's fine schooner the Elena led the large class of 

 ocean racers across the Atlantic to Santander in Spain to win the 

 cup offered by the king of Spain. As late as 1929 I sailed in Cowes 

 races with Mr. F. T. B. Davis on his fine schooner Westward. In 1910 

 she was designed and built by HerreshofI for Alexander Smith Coch- 

 ran. She was 135 feet overall; 96 feet on the water line; carried 12,000 

 square feet of canvas before Mr. Davis had her and under his man- 

 agement she had added to her canvas. Her trucks swept the air 150 

 feet above her deck and her keel was 17 feet deep in the tides. De- 

 spite her heavy handicap, we were still able to win races in the 

 "J" class. 



In their turn, the big gaff-rigged schooners have been disappearing 

 but they are being replaced by smaller vessels, mostly Marconi-rigged 

 ketches, yawls and sloops. The sport of long-distance ocean racing on 

 the Atlantic seems to have taken a new lease on life. Year by year 

 the Fastnet race in England and the Bermuda race in this country are 

 drawing an increasing number of entries. Furthermore, considering 

 their water-line length, the small ocean racers have turned in records 

 of some remarkable transatlantic crossings. In 1926 Landfall crossed 

 the Atlantic in nineteen days and in that same year Dorade made the 

 passage in seventeen days. 



As we have seen, for hundreds of years fore-and-aft sails had an 

 important place in the equipment and operation of square-rigged ves- 

 sels. In general as time went on there was a tendency to add more 

 fore-and-aft sail such as spinnaker, staysails, jibs to the basic square-sail 

 plan. This led to the practice of equipping one or more masts of a 

 vessel with all fore-and-aft sail while leaving the other mast or masts 

 in square sail. Thus the "ship" when altered in this way became the 

 "bark" and then the "barkentine"; the "brig" became the "brigantine" 

 and then the topsail schooner the extreme form when square sail 

 was only in use on the fore-topmast. 



Small ships and boats entirely equipped with fore-and-aft sail have 

 followed a different pattern and served a different purpose. They orig- 

 inated in shallow waters and in narrow waters for handling local pas- 

 sengers and small cargoes in coastwise trade. They are adapted for 

 this work by their special virtues such as: ease of handling, ability to 

 work to windward, small crew requirement. 



For thousands of years they worked along the Mediterranean and 

 the Atlantic coast of Europe, their myriad small hulls with their 



