Atlantic Warfare Yesterday : 365 



with the mother country persisted for centuries and while it might 

 languish when conditions were generally normal the tie became of 

 great importance both to the mother country and to the colonists 

 when another country threatened to sever this connection and war 

 impended. 



Thus the seventeenth century saw two wars between Holland and 

 England and in these general hostilities colonial settlements became 

 involved. In 1664 Colonel Richard Nicolls seized New Netherland 

 and rechristened New Amsterdam New York. This together with 

 the seizure of Holland ports in West Africa led to the reopening of 

 hostilities in 1665. From July 30, 1673, to November 9, 1674, con- 

 trol over New York reverted but Holland lost it permanently at the 

 time of the Treaty of Breda which concluded the second Anglo- 

 Dutch War. By this treaty the Dutch surrendered all claim to New 

 Amsterdam in exchange for the inestimable privilege of retaining 

 Surinam. 



In 1689 to 1697, King William's War, in which the British colo- 

 nists fought the French colonists, was simply a local phase of the 

 general war against Louis XIV which was known in Europe as the 

 War of the League of Augsburg. In 1702 to 1713, in America, 

 the conflict known as Queen Anne's War was simply a phase of 

 the War of the Spanish Succession. It was during this war that the 

 English plundered and burned St. Augustine in Florida and that 

 brought about the French and Indian attack on Deerfield and other 

 similar raids. The English colonists revenged themselves by attacks 

 in Nova Scotia and the St. Lawrence. Though these were only par- 

 tially successful, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 recognized England's 

 claims in Hudson Bay and the possession of Newfoundland and 

 Acadia. 



King George's War of 1743 to 1748 was likewise the American as- 

 pect of the War of Austrian Succession. The most memorable part of 

 this conflict was the attack on the strong fortress of Louisburg on 

 Cape Breton Island. This was carried out largely by the people of 

 Massachusetts, supported also by Connecticut, Rhode Island and 

 New Hampshire. The land forces, under Colonel WiUiam Pepperell 

 of Maine, numbered over 4,000 soldiers and the fleet, under Captain 

 Tyng of Massachusetts, contained nearly 100 vessels. With such a 

 force the fall of Louisburg was inevitable. 



It was a futile victory for in this war, as in others, when the treaty 

 makers finally met they were moved chiefly by the consideration of 



