62 FOUNDERS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 



depths of the ocean. These hopes were not realized to any- 

 great extent. No Trilobites, no Cystoids and Blastoids, no 

 archaic connecting links comparable in morphological import- 

 ance with such land or shallow-water forms as Ornitho- 

 rhynchus, Amphioxus, Balanoglossus, Peripatus, Apus, or 

 Limulus, have been found in the depths of the ocean ; and 

 the accepted view now is that the deep-sea animals are not 

 for the most part early and primitive forms, but have been 

 derived from the more ancient shallow- water faunas. There 

 are comparatively few " living fossils " in the deep sea. The 

 vast number of new forms, however, added greatly to our 

 knowledge of the infinite variety and range of structure of 

 almost all groups. The expedition conclusively established 

 the existence of abundance of living things, from the lowest 

 of marine animals up to fishes, in even the great abysses of 

 the ocean. 



If we make a careful survey of the fifty large quarto 

 volumes of reports, we find that most of the innumerable 

 discoveries with which the " Challenger " expedition has 

 enriched zoological science are additions to our knowledge 

 either of the abyssal animals that live at the bottom of deep 

 water or of the plankton, those that float near the surface. 

 Beginning with the lower animals and working upwards, in 

 the Radiolaria Haeckel, who reported on the material, made 

 known more than 4,000 species, for the most part new to 

 science. The numerous beautiful plates of the organisms 

 forming Radiolarian and Globigerina ooze are amongst the 

 most important additions to our knowledge of the Protozoa. 

 A wholly new group of Radiolaria, the Challengerida 

 (Phseodaria), having a remarkable skeleton of hollow spines 

 formed of a peculiar combination of silica with organic 

 matter, and living in intermediate waters at a considerable 

 depth but not on the bottom, was added by the " Challenger " 

 investigations. 



Literally hundreds of new species of Sponges were described 

 in the " Challenger " reports, and amongst these the greatest 



