90 FOUNDERS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 



the form of short conclusions or statistical statements. Some 

 of these were published in the form of useful maps and charts, 

 such, for example, as the map showing the 57 " deeps," or 

 parts of the ocean in which soundings of over 3,000 fathoms 

 have been obtained. Most of these deeps (32) are in the 

 Pacific, including the deepest soundings of all, which extend 

 down to over six English miles. 



At the meeting of the British Association held at Ipswich 

 in September, 1895, a meeting of contributors to the " Chal- 

 lenger " reports was held, at which the then President of 

 the Zoological Section (W. A. Herdman) presided, and about 

 fifty biologists or oceanographers either attended or wrote 

 expressing their concurrence in the objects of the meeting. 

 It was then proposed and resolved " that this meeting of 

 those who have taken part in the production of the ' Chal- 

 lenger ' reports agrees to signalize the completion of the 

 series by offering congratulations in some appropriate form 

 to Dr. John Murray." Eventually this congratulatory 

 offering took the form of an address in an album, containing 

 the portraits and autographs of all the " Challenger " 

 workers, with an illuminated cover and dedicatory design by 

 Walter Crane. This book was afterwards reproduced for the 

 contributors in the form of a thin quarto volume, which 

 forms a very interesting record of the completion of the work 

 connected with the " Challenger " expedition. 



Dr. Murray himself provided a very pleasing memento of 

 the conclusion of the great work by having a handsome 

 medal designed and struck, an example of which was pre- 

 sented to each of the authors of " Challenger " reports. The 

 medal, in a bronze alloy, measures 75 mm. in diameter, and 

 shows on the obverse the head of Minerva encircled by mer- 

 maids, a dolphin, and Neptune holding in his left hand the 

 trident, and in his right the naturalist's dredge, with the 

 legend, " Voyage of H.M.S. ' ChaUenger,' 1872-76 " ; and on 

 the reverse an armoured knight casting down his gauntlet in 

 challenge to the waters — being the crest of H.M.S. " Chal- 



