120 FOUNDERS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 



of the ample funds fortune placed at his disposal, in the 

 many expeditions which he conducted in his successively 

 larger and more perfectly equipped yachts, from the 200-ton 

 schooner " Hirondelle " up to the second " Princesse Alice " 

 (1898), a magnificent ocean-going steam vessel of 1,420 tons, 

 and about 240 feet in length, fitted and manned for every 

 kind of exploring work at sea. The Gulf Stream, the Azores, 

 Spitzbergen, the Mediterranean, and much of the Atlantic 

 from the Equator to the Arctic Circle, were systematically 

 investigated in both their physical and their biological 

 characters. His companions and assistants on these 

 expeditions have included the Baron de Guerne, Dr. Jules 

 Richard, and our countrymen, Mr. J. Y. Buchanan (of the 

 " Challenger ") and Dr. W. S. Bruce, the Antarctic explorer ; 

 and the results, both in general oceanography and on the 

 zoology of various groups of animals, have been made known 

 to science first by the Prince's prehminary reports of over 

 thirty annual cruises in the Comptes-Bendus of the Paris 

 Academy, and later in full detail in those beautifully illus- 

 trated publications, Resultats des Champagnes Scientifiques, 

 etc. (over 50 parts), and the later series of octavo 

 Bulletins (upwards of 400 parts) and the quarto Annales de 

 VInstitut Oceanogr., all issued by the Monaco Press, with 

 the co-operation of Dr. Jules Richard, Director of the 

 Museum. 



It is chiefly in connection with the devising of apparatus 

 for deep-sea research and in introducing new methods of 

 investigation that the Prince's expeditions differ from others. 

 Amongst other new appliances which have yielded notable 

 results may be mentioned his huge baited traps (the " nasse "), 

 his " stirrup- trawl " and other types of trawls and nets for 

 various depths of water, and his use of submarine electric 

 lights to attract fishes and Crustacea. There can be no doubt 

 that his practical knowledge as a seaman and as a mechanical 

 engineer added greatly to the efficiency and success of aU his 

 work on the yacht. His chief assistant, Pr, Richard, gave; 



