135 HYDROGRAPHIC MANUAL PaGE 22 



135. Division of Operations 



The division of operations, between the various units of the party, should be made 

 so as to secure the greatest possible progress consistent with economy and safety in 

 the use of the survey ship and launches. It is obvious that the number of separate 

 units which can be operated at one time, either from the ship as a base or from shore 

 bases, depends on the size of the party and the available floating equipment. In well- 

 developed parts of the country it is frequently economical to have a portion of the 

 work, especially triangulation and topography, performed by a shore party independ- 

 ently operated but responsible to the Chief of Party. In such areas trucks are being 

 used extensively for the transportation of the survey units to and from their work, even 

 where the shore party is engaged in hydrographic surveying. In undeveloped areas, 

 where there are no available living quarters, similar parties are usually operated from 

 camps, but since there are no highways in such areas the camp parties must be furnished 

 other kinds of transportation than trucks. 



All the various operations in which a survey party engages must be equalized in 

 such a way that parallel progress is maintained. This is especially true with respect to 

 the division of sounding between the ship and the launches or small boats. It is obvious 

 that prudence restricts the ship to those areas which can be navigated in safety and, in 

 general, it is most usefully employed in the survey of the offshore and more exposed 

 areas. Exposed areas far from shore should not be surveyed with unattended launches, 

 because of the danger involved and because the lower elevation of the observers limits 

 the range of visibility of the control signals. 



The operations should be so planned that all large-scale surveys are made by the 

 launches and small boats, because of the impracticability of controlling the course and 

 position of a large survey ship accurately enough to run the necessary survey lines eco- 

 nomically. 



1351. Shore Party Operations 



When a part of the operations is performed by a shore party in a populated part 

 of the country the shore party may be established so as to be almost independent of the 

 mother survey ship, except for very general supervision by the Chief of Party. Where 

 such parties have to be based at camps in undeveloped country, they must be supplied 

 and provisioned from the survey ship, and it is frequently necessary to bring the entire 

 camp on board for transfer to another locality. In undeveloped areas on exposed 

 coasts, campsites must be selected in harbors or protected anchorages where the floating 

 equipment will be safe. 



If land operations only are performed from a camp on an exposed coast where 

 there are no highways, horse transportation may be used in the survey operations and 

 in an emergency for moving the camp to another locality. The use of horses is undesir- 

 able because of the special personnel required to care for them, and because of the large 

 amount of feed with which they must be provisioned if natural feed is not available in 

 the locality. Furthermore, it is generally not practicable to have sufficient horses to 

 move a camp in less than several trips between the campsites. A light reconnaissance 

 truck, of Army specifications, is being tested as a substitute for horse transportation. 

 It can probably be operated along most of the coasts even where there is no semblance 

 of roads or trails. 



Where launch hydrographic surveys are made by a party based ashore, the camp- 

 sites or anchorages must be chosen so that the time required for runs to and from the 



