Ch. 22] REFERENCES 403 



Studies of the legal requirements and methods of organization for 

 carrying out programs of soil and water conservation. 



Most of the physical requirements for controlling soil erosion on in- 

 dividual farms and ranches are being developed by several thousand 

 soil conservationists who have brought into being a new field of re- 

 search, planning, and action founded on several of the older sciences. 

 Farm- and ranch-conservation planning and technical assistance to 

 landowners and operators in the application of sound land-use read- 

 justments and conservation measures, such as terracing, strip crop- 

 ping, contour farming, rotations, farm waterways, and farm ponds, 

 are within the general field of practicing soil conservationists. 



In the more complex problems of planning adequate water disposal, 

 flood and sediment control, and related farm drainage and irrigation on 

 watersheds, the specialized experience of hydrologists, hydraulic en- 

 gineers, soil scientists, and geologists is required. Sediment control, 

 perhaps the most difficult of the conservation problems, requires the 

 services of: (1) hydraulic engineers who are familiar with modern de- 

 velopments in the fields of hydrodynamics and fluid mechanics, with 

 particular reference to the effect of entrainment, transportation, and 

 deposition of sediment on open-channel behavior; (2) geologists who 

 understand: (a) the concepts of geomorphic development of land- 

 scapes and the interpretation of land forms and drainage patterns in 

 terms of their causal factors; (6) the geological aspects of sedimenta- 

 tion, particularly those phases involving the statistical analysis of 

 sediment characteristics; (3) soil scientists who can aid in relating the 

 characteristics of soil texture, structure, and depth that affect erosion 

 to rates of sediment production on the watershed ; and (4) hydrologists 

 who can aid in the correlation of hydrologic characteristics of water- 

 sheds with rates of sediment production. The planning and design of 

 control measures on the watershed also calls for the services of vegeta- 

 tive specialists, on the one hand, and the structural engineer, on the 

 other. Experience to date has shown that most sediment problems 

 can be solved most effectively and economically by the collective ef- 

 forts of a group of specialists who have an opportunity to study and 

 plan jointly corrective measures to meet the needs of each individual 

 watershed. 



REFERENCES 



Adams, C. (1944). Mine waste as a source of Galena River bed sediment: Jour. 



Geol, vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 275-282, July 1944. 

 Bennett, H. H. (1939). Soil conservation: McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York 



and London, 993 pages. 



