Contents 



1. History and Introduction 1 



1.1 History 1 



1.2 Some of the purposes of statistical reasoning 5 



2. The Summarization of Sets of Data Involving One Type of 

 Measurement 9 



2.1 The arithmetic mean and the standard deviation 12 



2.2 The average (or mean) deviation 18 



2.3 Other averages 19 



2.4 Frequency distributions 23 



2.5 Calculation of the arithmetic mean and the standard devia- 



tion from frequency distribution tables 28 



2.6 Percentiles, deciles, and quartiles 35 



2.7 Coefficient of variation 40 



2.8 Some of the problems created when only a sample of a popu- 



lation is available for statistical study 43 



Review problems 45 



3. Elementary Probability 49 



3.1 The determination of probabilities 50 



3.2 Permutations and combinations 63 



3.3 Repeated trials under specified conditions 67 



3.4 Mathematical expectation 70 



Review problems 73 



4. The Binomial and Normal Frequency Distributions .... 76 



4.1 The binomial frequency distribution 78 



4.2 The normal frequency distribution 85 



4.3 Determination of the proportion of a normal population of 



measurements included between any specified limits ... 95 



4.4 Use of the normal distribution to approximate probabilities 



for a binomial frequency distribution 101 



4.5 Studying the normality of a frequency distribution by recti- 



fying the r.c.f. curve 102 



Review problems 109 



5. Sampling from Binomial Populations 113 



5.1 Obtaining the sample 117 



5.2 Calculation of point and interval estimates of p for a binomial 



population 121 



5.3 Testing predetermined hypotheses regarding p 130 



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