was caught by pine-needles from the air. The vertical variation was 

 shown by the comparison of three different kinds of meteorological water 

 substances, — the ordinary rain-water from 500-1,000 m., the fog-ice 

 from the summit of Mount Fuji (3,376 m. high), and the water of thunder- 

 storm, originating at a height of 4-15 km. 



The cause of such distribution of wind-borne salt in the air seems to 

 lie in the partial crystallization of the wind-borne particles of sea-water 

 by evaporation, with production of at least two kinds of daughter particles. 

 The one, hygroscopic in nature and consisting mainly of Na, CI, Mg, 

 &c., is unstable and falls down earlier from the air, while the other, 

 crystalline in nature and consisting mainly of the sulphates of Mg and 

 especially of Ca, is stable and thus remains longer in the air. 



As to the processes of the earlier falling down of the unstable com- 

 ponents, two kinds of way were pointed out — the one the selective washing 

 by rain, and the other the selective capturing of the unstable components 

 by various extrusions on the earth's surface, for instances, edifices, shrubs, 

 woods, &c. 



PROGRESS OF METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN JAPAN 



SINCE 1939 



By KiYoo Wadati, Central Meteorological Observatory, Japan 



The special feature of the meteorological investigations since 1939 is 

 the strong tendency to application in consequence of the war. Many 

 papers have been published until the year 1941, but the number of 

 publications began to diminish thereafter owing to the Pacific War. 

 In 1943 the publication of papers with subjects relating to war increased 

 temporarily, but since 1944 research activity was almost stopped until 

 1946. Though it is now recovering to the pre-war condition, there are 

 many difficulties left to be overcome. 



Meteorological investigations are made mainly by the scientists of the 

 Central Meteorological Observatory and partly in the Tohoku, Tokyo, 

 Kyoto, and Kyushu Universities, where the professorship for meteorology 

 is established. On the other hand, the Low Temperature Research 

 Laboratory in the Hokkaido University and agricultural experimental 

 stations belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry are 

 performing meteorological studies of their concern. As the societies 

 established for the meteorological study the following are to be mentioned : 

 the Meteorological Society of Japan, the Marine Meteorological Societ\^ 

 the Agricultural Meteorological Society, and the Japan Society of Snow 

 .and Ice. 



The most remarkable progress made since 1939 should be found in 

 the project of long-range forecasting, especially that for few days. From 

 1939 through 1943 K. Takahashi analysed weather changes over Japan. 

 He also studied the method to extrapolate the tracks of highs and lows 

 a few days and showed the possibility of forecasting covering a few days. 

 In 1940 H. Arakawa found the importance of wind aloft on the fore- 

 casting for a week, and studied statistically the variation in the at- 

 mospheric circulation. In 1943 Y. Nakata tried to extrapolate com- 

 plicated variations as in daily pressure and temperature, dividing them 

 into short and long periodic components. Since 1946 A. Fukuoka 

 devised to analyse pressure oscillations into stationary components. 

 Since 1943 M. Ogawara investigated the long-range forecasting by means 



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