S 32%. 



32 



32 



32 31 31 31 30 51 32 



I L_ 



I* i> -Ao f^ y c^ 



"*i ^1 



^. 



^ ■**s^ b»^ 



'te^j ""-0 



observed 

 observed 



July 30^ 

 July 31; 



1931 

 1931 



LO 

 meters 



'10 



-too 



- 1000 



Fig. io. — Gradients off the Pacific Coast of Canada (observed at positions marked 



in Fig. 9) 



and is therefore insignificant. In the open sea the gradient flow is 

 evidently preponderant, although it is reasoned that the former should 

 be significant in the immediate vicinity of the coast, where seaward 

 displacement is a necessary condition for removal of fresh water. 

 Doubtless an intermediate state exists in partiaUy enclosed seaways, 

 such as illustrated in Fig. 7, where both gradients and displacement 

 components are considerable. 



It may be remarked in the gradient current chart (Fig. 9) that the 

 " fresh- water influence " appears to veer to the right on entering the sea, 

 and moves coastwise until it encounters a second outflow. Then it backs 

 to the left and joins the great ocean stream. From the cross-sections 

 it appears that the coastal current occupies the whole depth along the 

 shore. As this water moves along the coast it encounters a second out- 

 flow and is evidently displaced seaward by the fresher outflow. In the 

 new position the northward course is opposed by the prevailing winds 

 from the north-west and the Japan current, which are evidently greater 



287 



