References 



FiXLAY, H. J., and Marwick, J. (1947) : New Divisions of the New ZealancT 



Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary. N.Z. Journ. Set. Tech., Vol. 28, No. 4 



(Sec. B), pp. 228-236. 

 Fleming, C. A. (1944) : Molluscan Evidence of Pliocene Climatic Change in New 



Zealand. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., Vol. 74, pp. 207-220. 

 Gage, M. (1945) : The Tertiary and Quarternarv Geologv of Ross, Westland. 



Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., Vol. 75, pp. 138-159. 

 Marwick, J. (1926) : The Origin of tlie Tertiar}' Molkisca of New Zealand. N.Z. 



Journ. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 269-272. 

 ScHENCK, H. G., and Keen, A. M. (1937) : An Index Method for Comparing 



Molluscan Faunules. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 161-182. 

 Zeuner, F. E. (1946) : Dating the Past, An Introduction to Geochronology. 



Methuen and Co., Ltd., London. 



Summary of Discussion 



Dr. Yonge pointed out that one of the gaps in the knowledge of the 

 geological distribution is due to our lack of information as to breeding 

 temperatures of the groups in question. 



Dr. Kuenen wondered if there was any reason for Mr. Fleming's 

 modesty in disclaiming the development of New Zealand endemic 

 species within the New Zealand region and postulating a yet undiscovered 

 origin elsewhere. Mr. Fleming replied that where a large population 

 suddenly appeared thriving in an area where it had no known ancestors 

 his philosophy of speciation — in which geographical isolation played a. 

 major part- — would lead him to postulate an invasion from elsewhere. 

 In ■ some cases the New Zealand endemic genera showed affinities with 

 other Indopacific areas rather than New Zealand. 



A NOTE ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE- 

 MARINE ANIMALS ALONG THE JAPANESE COAST 



By Ikuso Hamai, Biological Institute, Okazaki Higher Normal School, 



Toyokawa, Japan 



It is well known that the boreal and tropical, or northern and southern, 

 fauna are mixed in the Japanese coast. The number of animal species 

 and their distribution have been suggestively studied in relation to a 

 quantitative indication of the geographical distribution bj^ Otuka(l) 

 (1936) about the marine MoUusca and by Kuronuma(2) (1942) about 

 the flat fishes. Otuka has used the coefficient of closeness to compare 

 the Molluscan fauna between several localities, which is the ratio of 

 the number of common species between two localities to the geometric 

 mean of their respective total number of species, and Kuronuma has 

 given the latitudinal value for the fiat-fish fauna of a given locality, 

 which is the mean of the latitudinal values of each species, 

 {(B — 0) — (4,200 — A)}-, where B and A are respectively the latitudes 

 expressed in minutes at the southern and northern limits of distribution of 



(1) Otuka, Yanosuke (1936) : Tlie Faunal Character of the Japanese 

 Pleistocene Marine MoUusca, as Evidence of the Climate Having Become Colder 

 During the Pleistocene in Japan. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, 6 (16), 165-170. 



(2) Kuronuma, Katsuzo (1942) : " Latitudinal Value," a Quantitative 

 Indication of Fish Distribution, and Its Application to the Flat Fishes of Japanese 

 Islands. Bull Biogeogr. Soc. Japan., 12 (4), 85-91. 



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