THEORY OF UPWELLING AND COASTAL CURRENTS 565 



^^= — 2.37 X 105 X;M??_= — 3.14 X 10-3 cm/sec (upward) 



- — 2.7 m/day. 



This speed of upwelling is just about 80 meters per month. 



G. F. McEwen (1929) estimated the speed of upwelling off the coast 

 of Southern California at about 10-20 meters per month. The present 

 result appears to show a speed a little too high, but may be suggestive 

 of the order of magnitude of ascending motion in the process of up- 

 welling. 



From the diagram in Figure 2, we can see that the water mass par- 

 ticipating in this process comes up from the layers from z — D^. to l.5Dy 

 or more. If \ve take D^ =162 m, the layers from which the upAvelled 

 waters originate are located somewhere around the layers 200 meters or 

 deeper. This also agrees with Sverdrup-Fleming's estimation derived 

 from practical observations off the coast of Southern California. 



5. Coastal Currents 



In addition to the circulation in a vertical plane perpendicular to 

 the coast, we have a current parallel to the coast. The author thinks 

 that this will be another subject of major interest. 



The model treated in this research is very simple, the winds being 

 assumed always to blow parallel to the coast. But it may be considered 

 that a certain pattern of water motion will always correspond to the 

 wind of any direction. The investigation into this problem seems sug- 

 gestive of the explanation of several facts obsei-ved close to the shore 

 in relation to the motion of the water. 



6. Acknowledgments 



The author hereby expresses his sincerest appreciation to Dr. Dale 

 F. Leipper, Head of the Department of Oceanography, Agricultural and 

 Mechanical College of Texas, who encouraged the author in carrying 

 out the present research and publishing the result during his stay in the 

 departiTTuent. He is also much obliged to Mr. Robert O. Reid and 

 Dr. John T. Hurt who kindly discussed on the result. 



References 



Defant, a. 1936. Das Kaltwasserauftriebsgebiet von der Kiiste Siidwest- 



afrikas — Landerkundliche Forschung, Festschrift Norbert Krebs zur Vol- 



lendung des 60, Lebensjahres dargebracht, p. 52-66. 

 1952. Theoretische Ubeiiegungen zum Phanomen des Windstaus 



und des Auftriebes an ozeanischen Kiisten. Deutsche Hydro graphiscJie 



Zeitschrift. Bd 5," Heft % pp. 69-80. 



