610 EIGHTH PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS 



During the 1930's the U. S. Navy occupied oceanographic stations 

 over a wide range of the eastern North Pacific, in connection with its 

 hydrographic surveying program. Although the immediate objective 

 v^^as to obtain temperature and salinity values that could be used in 

 computing the speed of sound to correct sonic soundings, the data also 

 yield information on the dynamic topography. Observers from Scripps 

 Institution of Oceanography and from the Oceanographic Laboratories 

 of the University of Washington participated in most of this work, and 

 the data were worked up at those respective institutions. Table I lists 

 the vessels engaged in this work. 



Part of the HANNIBAL, GANNET, OGLALA, and BUSHNELL data 

 have been published (H. O. Pub. No. 212; Barnes and Thompson, 

 1938; Goodman and Thompson, 1940; Sverdrup and Staff, 1943). 



During World War II the oceanographic investigations of the U. S. 

 Navy in the Pacific were more concerned with studies of underwater 

 sound than with circulation. The atomic bomb tests at Bikini in 1946, 

 however, imposed requirements for the prediction and tracing of the 

 movements of radioactive water. Included in the broad oceanographic 

 and geophysical program of Operation CROSSROADS under the direction 

 of Cdr. R. R. Revelle, USNR, therefore, were several series of oceano- 

 graphic stations taken by a group of oceanographers under Cdr. C. A. 

 Barnes, USCGR, in the USS BOWDITCH and BLISH, and by another 

 group directed by Mr. D. F. Bumpus and LCdr. John Lyman, USNR, 

 in several units of Destroyer Squadron 7. These results have been 

 discussed by Barnes, Bumpus, and Lyman (1948), and in more detail 

 by Han-Lee Mao and Kozo Yoshida in a forthcoming U. S. Geological 

 Survey professional paper. 



During 1946, also, three administrative actions within the U. S. 

 Navy produced results of significance to the study of Pacific circulation. 

 One was the establishment in the Hydrographic Office of a Division 

 of Oceanography, headed first by Dr. R. H. Fleming, Director, and 

 Dr. C. A. Barnes, Deputy Director. These positions are now occupied 

 by John Lyman and Dr. C. C. Bates, respectively. Another was the 

 creation of the Office of Naval Research, including an Earth Sciences 

 Division, headed first by Cdr. R. R. Revelle, and later by Dr. J. N. 

 Adkins. Through contracts administered by the Office of Naval Re- 

 search, considerable financial support has been given to oceanographic 

 survey programs in the Pacific. The SPENCER F. BAIRD, a former Army 

 tug, converted in 1947 to an oceanographic research vessel for use in 

 the Philippines Fisheries program and transferred to the U. S. Navy in 

 1952, is operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, with funds 

 provided by the Bureau of Ships and the Office of Naval Research. 

 The Navy has also helped support operations of the Scripps vessel 



