1861.] BOTANY OF THE DOWARD HILLS. 105 



probably most of the arborescent septal vegetation in England, 

 and Scotland too, is descended from the original shrubs and trees 

 that once constituted part of the ancient forests with which most 

 of this country was originally covered. 



Among the hedge-plants of the Dowards are also the follow- 

 ing, and they have never yet been deemed suspected aliens, though 

 they grow in hedges, and almost exclusively there, viz. Bryonia 

 dioica, Tamus communis, and Carex pendula. These grow all 

 over Europe, from Portugal to Hungary inclusive. 



Sison Amomum, another plant of the Dowards, grows under 

 hedges. This species has a moderate European range, viz. from 

 the Alps to the north of Greece, 



In woods or plantations (these words are nearly synonymous 

 in the modern history of rural affairs) the sylvan and septal 

 (hedge-plants) vegetation is combined. Most of the plants so 

 called grow both in woods and in hedges. Some of the rarest 

 on the Dowards are, in addition to those mentioned at the begin- 

 ning of this notice, viz. the Hellebores, etc., Daphne Laureola, 

 Serratula tinctoria, Monoti'opa Hypopitys, CepJialanthera gran- 

 diflora, Ophrys muscifera, Neottia Nidus- avis, Luzula Forsteri, 

 L. pilosa, var. Borreri, Carex montana, C. clandestina, C. digi- 

 tata, etc. 



It has been already observed (see supra) that one of the rarest 

 of these Varices, C. montana, has become more plentiful since 

 the hills were partly denuded of their wood. It was first disco- 

 vered by Mr. Purchas in its above-mentioned Herefordshire loca- 

 lity. The other two species of the genus Avith which this rare 

 plant is associated are also rarities, at least in England. C. digi- 

 tata has an extensive range in Europe, viz. from Norway to Swit- 

 zerland, and from the west of England to the east of Europe, 

 C. clandestina has an almost equal horizontal range, but its la- 

 titudinal extension is not so great as that of C. digituta. C. 

 montana, the scarcest of the three in England, has a much longer 

 range than that of either of its two associates on the Doward 

 Hills, 



The rarer pascuals (pasture plants) on these hills are Helian- 

 themum vulgare, Agrimonia Eupatoria, Plantago media and P. 

 Coronopus, Carex prcecox, Chlora p)erfoliata, Oplirys apifera, 

 Spiraa FUipendula, Erigeron acris, Hippocrepis comosa, Taxus 

 baccata, Orobanche major, Polypodium calcareum, etc, 



N. S, VOL, V, P 



