' 828 



5. Ovule erect ; raphe lateral. 



6. Orule erect ; raphe next the placenta. 



1. Tlie pendulous ovule, with the raphe turned away from the pla- 

 centa, was first observed by Mr. Brown, and afterwards figured and 

 described by Dr. Schleiden as " ovulum spurie pendulum anatropum, 

 raphe aversa." Mr. Clarke finds it to be of more frequent occurrence 

 than is generally supposed ; it is found among Endogenous plants, 

 not only in Typha and Sparganium, but also in Chamaedorea elegans 

 (the ovule of which is, however, not completely pendulous) ; and Zan- 

 nichellia and Potamogeton show a decided tendency towards it by the 

 direction to which the ovule curves. He considers it a principal 

 argument in favour of its being frequent at least, if not constant, in 

 Endogenous plants, that it occurs in those groups by means of which 

 the Endogenous and Exogenous divisions approach each other, as in 

 Aroideae and Piperaceae, and in Ranunculaceae and Alismaceae. As 

 Exogenous plants, in which the raphe is averse, he instances : — 

 1. Ranunculaceae (when the ovule is pendulous). 2. Nelumbium. 

 3. Malpighiaceae (in those genera in which the funiculus is next the 

 dorsal rib of the carpel). 4. Coriaria. 5. Rhus Toxicodendron, and 

 not improbably Anacardiaceae generally. 6. Euonymus. 7. Visnea. 



8. Pennantia, which he thinks should perhaps be referred to Olacineae. 



9. Chenopodiaceae. 10, Amaranthaceae, 11. Paronychia capitata 

 (in the three last cases the ovule is not completely inverted, being 

 campylotropal, but the direction of the curvature is such, that were 

 the inversion complete, the raphe would be averse). 12. Plumba- 

 gineie. 13. Laurineae. 14. Aucuba. 15. Calycanthus (in which 

 the ovule at the base is erect with the raphe next the placenta, and 

 the upper one or two ovules are bent away from the placenta so as to 

 become nearly horizontal, showing a tendency to raphe aversa). 

 16. Belvisieas ? 17. Dipsacus sylvestris. 18. Galenia and Tetrago- 

 nia. 19. Fumaria officinalis (which shows at least a decided ten- 

 dency to the same structure in having the radicle beneath the hori- 

 zontal seed and turned to the hilum). Mr. Clarke adds, that he has 

 examined numerous cases where the carpel when single is anterior, 

 and has not yet met with any examples of this character, except in 

 the instances of Dipsaceaj, Tctragonias and Fumaria. He notices 

 some remarkable variations in the position of the raphe in the ovules 

 of Visnea Mocanera, both when solitary and when there are two ; and 

 concludes this section by some observations on the question whether 

 the campylotropal ovule of Amaranthaceae, &c. (in which the embryo 

 subsequently formed is turned towards the placenta) is a character 



