310 REVIEWS. [October, 



notice of snuff-taking. The natives of San Salvador were seen 

 by Columbus smoking tobacco rolled in a shape like a tube. 

 This gives us the origin of snuff-taking and cigar-smoking. The 

 pipe was invented afterwards. 



Other historical works are quoted and referred to, showing 

 the use of tobacco, and Mr. Fairholt says that in the old Indian 

 grave-mounds, which are of remote antiquity, pipes of ingenious 

 fabrication have been found, some of which are cut in the form 

 of heads, and it would appear that the mound-builders were in- 

 veterate smokers, as a great number of pipes are discovered in 

 the mounds. Figures are given of some of these : they have 

 perforations without tubes. 



We are not much skilled in the knowledge of old Indian pipes, 

 but if what are found on the mounds referred to by Mr. Fairholt 

 were pipes for smoking tobacco, it throws a doubt on the an- 

 tiquity of cigars. 



The third chapter, " On Tobacco in Europe, etc.," informs us 

 that the name tobacco appears from the tesrimony of the oldest 

 writers to be that applied to the tube used by the Indians to 

 inhale the smoke, and that the plant bore other names ; that 

 it was about the year 1560 that tobacco was introduced into 

 Europe. Its curative virtues and medicinal uses are then de- 

 tailed ; and Gerarde's ' Herball ' referred to, as giving us Sana 

 Sancta Indorum, in 1597.^ Both Spencer and Lilly praise its 

 virtues : the first calls it divine, and the second holy herb ; and 

 Henry Buttes speaks of " tobacco cordial.'^ 



Although many writers of the sixteenth century are referred 

 to as speaking of tobacco, including dramatists, and we are told 

 smoking was common in public places, including the theatres, 

 the Globe, and the Bear-garden in Southwark, we do not find 

 Shakespeare named as an authority. We think tobacco is not 

 named in his works, but he describes a fop who held a pouncet- 



* Grerarde calls this also tobacco of Trinidada, and he has another kind called 

 Syoscyamus peruvianus, ov Henbane of Peru. He tells us that " upon taking of the 

 fume at the mouth there foUoweth an infirmitie Uke unto drvinkenness, and many 

 times sleepe ; and the dry leaves ave used to be taken in a pipe set on fire and suck'd 

 into the stomach, and thi-ust forth again at the nostrils. Some use to drink it (as 

 it is termed) for wantonness, or rather custome, and cannot forbeare it, no not iu 

 the midst of then' dinner, which kind of taking is vmwholesome and very dan- 

 gerous ; but I commend the syrrup beyond this fume or smoky medicine." Gerai'de 

 enumerates about twenty -five virtues of this plant iu medicine. 



