X EAST AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, AND NEW ZEALAND 325 



In Eastern and Southern Australia (New South Wales, 

 Victoria, and South Australia) the tropical element, so abundant 

 in Queensland, almost entirely disappears, the last operculate (a 

 Hclicina) only reaching Port Macquarie, though several species 

 of Helicarion occur in the extreme south. Hadra is still abun- 

 dant in New South Wales (18 sp.) and S. Australia (10 sp.), but 

 becomes scarce in Victoria (2 sp.) ; New South Wales has also 

 one Panda and two Thersites. Cystopelta is common with Tas- 

 mania, and one of the Janellidae (Aneitea) with Queensland. 

 The carnivorous snails are represented by Ehytida. Caryodes, a 

 bulimoid group perhaps akin to Liparus, is common with 

 Tasmania only. 



Tasmania. — About 80 species of land Mollusca are known, 

 not more than 10 being common with Australia. No land 

 operculates occur ; Endodonta and Charopa are rare, and 

 Hadra has entirely disappeared, but Piq^a and Succinea occur. 

 Carnivorous genera are represented by EaryiAanta, Rhytida, and 

 Rhenea. Anoglypta is a peculiar section of Helix, while Caryodes, 

 Cystopelta, and Helicarion are common with Australia. Among 

 the fresh- water Mollusca are a Gundlachia (see p. 345), and some 

 forms of Amnicola or Hydrohia, one of which {Potamo'pyrgus^ is 

 common only with New Zealand.^ 



The Neozealanian Province. — The Mollusca of New Zealand, 

 with the Kermadec, Chatham, and Auckland Is., are remarkably 

 isolated. Such genera as Nanina, Partula, Pupa, Stenogyra, 

 Succinea, Vaginula, Truncatella, Helieina, and Navicella, which 

 might have been expected to occur, are entirely absent. The 

 bulk of the land Mollusca are small and obscure forms, perhaps 

 remains of a very early type, and appear to belong to the 

 Zonitidae, neither Patula nor Helix occurring at all. The 

 carnivorous forms are represented by Schizoglossa, a peculiar 

 genus akin to Daudehardia, by Paryphanta, an extraordinary 

 group of large shells with a thick leathery epidermis, and by 

 Rhytida and Rhenea. In spite of its extreme isolation, the 

 general relations of the fauna are partly with New Caledonia, 

 partly with E. Australia. The occurrence of Placostylus has 

 already been mentioned (p. 323), and three species of Janella, 

 a genus which also occurs in Queensland and New Caledonia, 



^ See especially C. Hedley, Note on the Relation of the Land Mollusca of Tasmania 

 and New Zealand, Ann. Mcuj. Xut. Hi-it. (6) xiii. p. -142. 



