Mr. E. L. Layard on Birds observed at Para. 381 



30. CoTURNICULUS MANIMBE (Licht.) . 



These Linnets are generally seen in pairs, hopping about 

 in the grass or in the road in front of my house. They devour 

 grass-seeds and insects, and are very expert in catching the 

 latter, darting at them like Wagtails. I feel sure I have seen 

 these birds walk as well as hop. 



31. Ostinops viridis (Bodd.). 



Procured in the neighbourhood of Para by Sen. Penna 

 and presented to me. I also saw it once on the wing (a small 

 party of three) near the Strada Braganza. 



32. Cassicus affinis, Sw. 



Not uncommon in certain localities about Para, breeding 

 in companies and forming long bag-shaped nests hanging from 

 the branches of trees. They are very noisy near their nesting- 

 places ; and their voices are very harsh and loud. Their food 

 is berries. 



An egg, taken from a tree on which this and the next were 

 building in company, was a bluish white speckled with black. 



33. Cassicus persicus (L.). 



The ' ' Japim " is abundant round Para, nesting in commu- 

 nities, and forming large purse-shaped structures. I have 

 seen them nesting from early July to November. The bird 

 has a strong disagreeable smell, which clings to the skin after 

 preservation. It feeds on fruits, berries, seeds, Indian corn, 

 and such like. Its call is very loud and uttered on the wing 

 as well as.when the bird is resting. It is a very active, rest- 

 less creature, always on the move. Its eggs are large, bluish 

 white, blotched, spotted, and streaked with dark brown (black) . 



34. Icterus croconotus (Wagl.). 



I shot a specimen of this bird, the only one seen ; but it fell 

 into the river and I could not secure it. 



35. Leistes guianensis (L.). 



Procured by Senor Penna in the neighbourhood of Para; 

 but I never saw it alive. 



36. Todirostrum maculatum (Desm.) . 



The only specimen procured of this species I shot on the 



