€. Thwaitesii | BECCARI. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CALAMUS. 137 
the entire seed laterally seen and in vertical section, from Kurz’s authentic specimen 
of his C. tigrinus. 
6, Cavamus Tuwarrestr Bece. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind, vi, 441, and in Rec. 
Bot. Surv. Ind. ii, 199. 
C. longisetus Thw. Enum, Plant, Zeyl, 330 (not of Griffith). 
Description.—Large and probably high scandent.  Leaf-sheaths not seen, very 
probably sometimes flagelliferous, Leaves large, not cirriferous; petiole armed with 
straight, black, laminar, seriate spines which are very much the same as in C, 
longisetus ; rachis in its first portion channelled above and with spinulous side-angles, 
from the middle upwards trigonous, bifaced above, flat beneath, where armed 
throughout ‘with solitary rather distant claws, at least in leaves of the upper part of 
the plant; leaflets large, irregularly fascicled in groups of 2-3 on each side, the 
groups nearly opposite, with rather long vacant spaces between each pair of groups, 
upwards, mainly near the summit, more regularly set and nearly equidistant, rather 
firmly papyraceous, longitudinally plicate, shining above, green on both surfaces, very 
narrowly lanceolate or ensiform, gradually narrowed to the base, the margins ciliate 
throughout, almost from the base, with approximate, short, black, spreading, subspiny 
bristles; the mid-rib acute and prominent above, weaker below, furnished on both 
surfaces, but chiefly on the lower one, with black, short, subspiny bristles ; secondary 
nerves (coinciding with the plice) slender, 1-2 on each side of the midrib, 
naked on both. surfaces; transverse veinlets minute and crowded; the largest leaflets 
seen by me ( probably the mesial) 60-70 cm. long and 4-4°5 em. broad, the upper 
gradually shorter and narrower, the two of the apical pair the smallest and 
confluent at the base. Male and female spadices very similar and simply decompound, 
elongate, flagelliform, with the partial inflorescences very remote ( 60-80 cm. apart ) 
and the axial portion interposed amongst them flat or rather concave on the inner 
side and convex on the back, where it is strongly armed with rather approximate 
half-whorls of stout black-tipped claws which gradually become smaller and more 
scattered on the spathes; primary spathes very long, tubular, closely sheathing, 
thinly coriaceous, armed with short-hooked  black-tipped prickles, withered and 
lacerated near the mouth; partial inflorescences up to 60 cm. long, bearing 4-6 
(and perhaps sometimes more) spikelets on each side and terminating in a rather 
long and slender appendix; secondary spathes tubular-infundibuliform, about 4 em, 
long, somewhat enlarged above, obliquely truncate at the mouth and acuminate at 
one side where ultimately decayed and lacerated, usually sprinkled upwards with 
very short tubercular spines, but occasionally smooth; male spikelets inserted inside 
near the mouth of their respective spathes at an angle of about 45°, large, flattened, 
10-15 em. long, with 20-30 distichous flowers on each side; spathels broadly and 
asymmetrically infundibuliform, truncate, split under the flower and not prolonged 
into a point; involucre almost entirely included in its own spathel and attached at 
the base of the one above, cupular, obliquely truncate, two-keeled and lunately 
emarginate on the side next to the axis. Male flowers large (not seen fully 
developed), ovate when in bud, with the calyx three-toothed, very finely striately 
veined as are the spathels, Female spikelets 10-30 cm. long; spathels infundibuliform, 
truncate, prolonged at one side into a triangular, ultimately marcescent point ; 
Axx. Roy. Bor. Garp. Carcurra Vor. XI. 
