C. Manan.) BECCARI. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CALAMUS, 439 
solitary and upwards with ternate very robust claws; leaflets numerous, subequidistant, 
rather remote (6-10 cm. apart) very patent, with a small axillary callus at their 
insertion, large, lanceolate or broadly ensiform, almost equally tapering towards both 
ends, acute at the base, long-acuminate at the summit, papyraceous, firm, green) 
subshining above, opaque and slightly paler beneath, not concavo-convex, plicate, 
many-nerved with only the mid-costa acute and slightly raised above, and the side 
nerves unequal, slender, all naked on both surfaces; transverse veinlets minute and 
numerous not very conspicuous; margins remotely and adpressedly spinulous towards 
the base, smooth from the middle upwards; the larger ones, those about the middle, 
70 cm. long, 5 cm. broad; those near the petiole narrower, the upper ones shorter. 
Male spadiz . . . . . Female spadiz forming an immense large panicle shorter than 
the leaves, in one specimen 3°5 metres long, its axis very robust, woody, 3 cm. in 
diam., straight, with numerous, rather approximate (25 cm. apart) partial inflorescences; 
primary spathes coriaceous, tubular, very closely sheathing, comparatively short; the 
first very slightly flattened and obsoletely two-edged; the upper ones cylindraceous, 
very slightly enlarged in their upper part, marcescent at their summit, densely armed 
with very sharp, broad and short, often confluent black-tipped, deflexed prickles; 
partial inflorescences inserted at the mouth of their own spathe, not callous at their 
insertion, and arising erect and then spreading and nodding, the lower ones, the 
largest, 80-85 cm. long, with 8-9 spikelets on each side, and terminating in a 
strongly clawed, about 10 cm. long, tail-like appendix; secondary spathes coriaceous, 
tubular, very slightly infundibuliform, closely sheathing, flat near the base on the 
inner side, entire and truncate at the mouth, prolonged at one side into a short, 
broadly triangular, ultimately decayed and marcescent point, densely armed with 
short robust often confluent and sometimes irregularly whorled claws; spikelets 
inserted just at the mouth of their own spathe, not very distinctly callous at 
their axilla, arched, very patent, rigid, their axis cylindraceous, the lower ones, 
the largest, even 25 cm. long with 15-16 bifarious remote flowers on each 
side—the upper ones somewhat shorter; spathels shortly tubular, slightly infundi- 
buliform, not or indistinctly striately veined, smooth, horizontally truncate, entire 
and naked at the mouth, slightly prolonged at one side into a very short acute 
point; involucrophorum almost exsert from its own spathel and laterally adnate 
to the base of the one above, shallowly cupular, bidentate and two-keeled on the 
side next to axis; involucre cupular, entire, or slightly excavate and bidentate on 
the side of the neuter flower; of which the areola is lunate and sharply bordered. 
Female flowers 5-6 mm. long, patent, 13-14 mm. apart on each side. Fruiting 
perianth distinctly pedicelliform, cylindraceous, 5 mm. thick; the calyx hardened, 
almost woody and polished (not striately veined), its base acute with 3 very 
broad triangular lobes; segments of the corolla thinly coriaceous, almost shining, 
not striate outside, acute, as long as but narrower than the lobes of the calyx; 
staminal urceolum campanulate, crowned by 6 broad triangular acute lobes. 
Fruit broadly ovoid-elliptic, 30-35 mm, long, 20-22 mm. broad, equally rounded 
at both ends, topped with a short rather thick mucro and with a small caudiculum 
at the base enclosed in the perianth ; scales in 15-18 series, shining, straw-coloured, 
with a very dark rather broad marginant line, the largest 6 mm. broad and 4:5-5 
mm. long, very slightly prolonged into an obtuse apex, superficially channelled along 
the middle, the margins obsoletely very finely erosely toothed. Seed ovoid, very 
