(4) Studies to identify possible legal or political problems and to 

 develop a framework of principles to further foreign policy objectives; 

 and 



(5) Scientist-to-scientist exchanges, including multinational use of 

 research ships. 



Expanding Opportunities for Scientific Cooperation 



Scientist-to-scientist communication in oceanography has success- 

 fully brought people and nations together from all corners of the 

 world. International oceanographic projects following the Interna- 

 tional Geophysical Year have involved experts from as many as 46 

 countries and have resulted in lasting contacts among scientists 

 throughout the world. Examples of such programs are the Interna- 

 tional Indian Ocean Expedition, the International Cooperative In- 

 vestigations of the Tropical Atlantic, the cooperative study of the 

 Kuroshio, and the International Biological Program. The Scientific 

 Committee on Oceanic Research of the International Council of Scien- 

 tific Unions is one of the principal nongovernmental organizations 

 concerned with these and other marine research activities. 



The Second International Oceanographic Congress in Moscow and 

 the Eleventh Pacific Science Congress in Tokyo highlighted the many 

 convocations on marine sciences in 1966. The Moscow Congress pro- 

 vided an unusual opportunity for American and other Western scien- 

 tists to visit Soviet laboratories and to meet hundreds of Soviet 

 specialists who had not previously attended international meetings. 



Research ships of U.S. Government agencies and private institu- 

 tions operate in waters throughout the world, and foreign scientists 

 frequently participate in these cruises. The forthcoming global sci- 

 entific expedition by the Oceanographer (Figure 3) will afford many 

 opportunities for useful scientific investigations and cooperation and 

 will demonstrate our desire to work with all nations in using new 

 technology to improve our understanding of the oceans. 



As a matter of policy, the Government encourages exchanges of 

 American and foreign scientists and port calls. This has been exemp- 

 lified most recently by a call at San Francisco in Januai-y 1967 by the 

 Soviet oceanographic ship Mikhail Lomonosov and the expected calls 

 of the O ceanogra'pheT at Odessa and other foreign ports this year. 



Cooperation in Using Marine Resources 



International cooperation can enhance the effective and rational 

 use of marine resources. Bilateral and multilateral fishing conven- 

 tions and agreements liave been concluded to insure that some stocks 

 will not be depleted. The Convention on the Continental Shelf pro- 

 motes the development of the economic productivity of petroleum, gas, 

 and solid minerals. 



36 



