rapidly. In developing underwater capabilities we attempt to achieve 

 the dual goal of making the oceans transparent to our underwater sur- 

 veillance systems while we operate free of detection. This is the chal- 

 lenge to antisubmarine warfare research. Also, we rely heavily on 

 the invulnerability of operating in the depths of the ocean in formu- 

 lating our strategic and tactical options. 



Much of our expenditures in marine science since World War 

 II has been related directly or indirectly to an understanding of 

 the surface and underwater environment. In the absence of a drastic 

 and unexpected change in the power structure of the world, the 

 demand for a more refined understanding of relevant scientific phe- 

 nomena in support of naval activities will continue to increase. De- 

 velopment aspects of military oceanography depend upon the genera- 

 tion of basic knowledge ; when this fund of knowledge is deficient, as 

 in the case of our understanding of the sea, very active research pro- 

 grams are essential. Naval research and development activities will 

 also continue to make major contributions to many nonmilitary pro- 

 grams which hinge on proper understanding and use of the oceans. 



The U.S. is contmuing its efforts to encourage all nations to become 

 parties to the 1963 treaty prohibiting nuclear testing in the seas, at- 

 mosphere, and outer space. We are also continuing to improve our 

 understanding of seismic phenomena under the oceans in earthquake 

 belts both to strengthen our ability to detect and identify seismic 

 phenomena resulting from underground nuclear tests, and to improve 

 tsunami warning and earthquake prediction. 



44 



