only 616 held degrees related to marine science (353 Ph.D., 176 M.S., 

 87 B.S.). The remainder applied their specialized training in other 

 basic disciplines to oceanic problems. In most universities the field 

 is one for graduate specialization, and it has been recognized that 

 research experience should be integrated with formal education. The 

 Federal budget includes support for student training in a variety of 

 ways. Some receive fellowships while many more are given the 

 opportunity to participate in the research supported at the universities 

 by grants and contracts. 



More facilities are becoming available for research. Since 1960 

 more than fifty ships have been built or modernized and fifty-eight 

 new laboratories and similar facilities have been established. Others 

 have been strengthened. New tools and instruments are becoming 

 available, somewhat the consequence of increased involvement of the 

 industrial community. Manned deep submersibles are justifying the 

 vision of their early advocates and are being used increasingly as sci- 

 entists become aware of their potential. U.S. -built submersibles made 

 229 dives for research in 1966, as compared to twenty-eight in 1965. 

 Towed unmanned vehicles are makmg it possible to examine the deep 

 ocean in new detail, and sophisticated instrument packages, capable 

 of freefall and recovery, are collecting information long wanted by 

 the oceanographer. Buoy technology has advanced to the point where 

 experiments requiring long time series observations can be realistically 

 planned. Satellite navigation has made available a new precision 

 in spatial measurement at sea, and the utility of satellite-mounted 

 sensors for large-scale investigations is being demonstrated. 



59 60 60 61 



*Per Dept. of HEW 



61 62 



6 2 63 



63 64 



64 65 



Fi6tjbe21. — Degrees granted in oceanography, 1960-65 ^ 

 1 Source : Departmeut of Health, Education, and Welfare. 



99 



